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Earth Materials Lynn Garner What Are Earth Materials? • An earth material is any natural material that is not now living on the earth’s surface. Vocabulary • Geology: the study of the Earth • Geologist: A Scientist who studies Earth materials, such as the rocks and minerals on the Earth Vocabulary • Minerals: one ingredient in the earth’s crust that can’t be broken down - minerals make up rocks • Rocks: earth materials made up of different ingredients called minerals – rocks are made up of more than one mineral/ingredient • Property: something you can observe, such as size, color, shape, or texture • Crystal: the solid form of a material that can be identified by its shape or pattern What is the difference in rocks and minerals? Rocks • Made up of different ingredients • Rocks can be broken down into different minerals. Minerals • Made up of only one ingredient • Minerals can’t be broken down any more. Rock Properties • • • • • • Texture Color Shape or edges Size Mass Smell Rocks Science Content • Rocks can be separated into their components • Rocks exhibit a variety of properties, including shape, size, color, and texture. • Water, setting, and evaporation can separate rocks into their components. • Crystals form from evaporation of a saltwater mixture. • Rocks are composed of earth materials called minerals that cannot be physically broken apart any further • Rocks are made of ingredients called minerals. Measurement Vocabulary • Diameter: the distance across a circular object • Circumference: the distance around a circular object • Depth: how thick an object is • Meter tape: measures linear dimensions • Balance: measures mass (You weigh a mock rock using a balance to determine its mass.) Rock Types • Basalt: a dark, fine-grained rock that began as molten lava extruded from a volcano or rift and then cooled quickly on the earth’s surface. • Granite: an igneous rock that forms when magma (molten rock) forms deep in the Earth’s crust. • Limestone: one common sedimentary rock – has a wide variety of colors, textures, & origins and consist mostly of mineral calcite. They form where water is present. • Marble: a metamorphic rock, is limestone that has been altered by heat & pressure – usually white by tinted by other minerals – often used as columns or countertops • Mock rock: forms from common ingredients found in your kitchen (flour, salt, water, food coloring, & alum) and neighborhood (sand, gravel, & shells) - resemble concrete • Sandstone: a sedimentary rock formed when rocks such as granite are eroded by wind, water, & ice – used as a building stone. Mohs’ Numerical Mineral Scale Talc is the hardest mineral softest-1 Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond Diamond is the hardest mineral - 10 Mock Rocks Mock Rocks Real Rocks Real Rocks Mineral Types • Fluorite- is found in a variety of colors-white, green, blue, & violet. It can be scratched with a gym clip. • Gypsum- is a mineral that forms when seawater evaporates under arid conditions. • Quartz– one of most common minerals and is made up of silicon and oxygen • Calcite- a common mineral & chemical composition is calcium carbonate. It can be scratched with a penny. • Feldspar • Hornblende • Mica- Mineral 1 Talc 2Gypsum 3 7 Calcite 4 Fluorite 5Apatite Quartz How many tools could scratch this mineral? Fingernail Penny Paper Clip Tool Bibliography •www.fossweb.com