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SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW IGNEOUS ROCK: The original rock type for the planet (results from cooling of molten rock (magma, lava) SOME ROCK BREAKDOWN, DETERIORATES,DECOMPOSES TO BECOME SOIL 1 METAMORPHIC ROCK RESULTS FROM IGNEOUS OR SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNDERGOING CHANGE, GENERALLY TO A HARDER, STRONGER STATE SOME ROCK BREAKDOWN, DETERIORATES,DECOMPOSES TO BECOME SOIL 2 RESIDUAL DEPOSITS: REMAINS IN PLACE AT LOCATION FORMED SOIL DEPOSITS DEPOSITS FROM TRANSPORTED SOILS: Soil materials transported, then deposited to create new soil formation 3 4 SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW METAMORPHIC ROCK RESULTS FROM IGNEOUS OR SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNDERGOING CHANGE, GENERALLY TO A HARDER, STRONGER STATE 5 6 7 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS 8 IGNEOUS ROCK: The original rock type for the planet (results from cooling of molten rock (magma, lava) SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW 9 COURSE OVERVIEW SOILS (1ST HALF OF COURSE) GEOLOGY-ORIGIN OF SOILS PROPERTIES OF SOILS •ITS PARAMETER •ITS BEHAVIOR •OTHER ASPECTS EARTHWORKS (2ND HALF OF COURSE) CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS • ENVIRONMENTAL • GEOTECHNICAL 10 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH IT CONSIST OF •ROCKS •SOIL •WATER DEFINITIONS Rocks -minerals bonded by strong attractive forces Soils - are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock •ROCKS - IGNEOUS - SEDIMENTARY - METAMORPHIC 11 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS- COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY -ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) 12 CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) METAMORPHIC-EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS) WEATHERING FOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT-SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC, 13 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS •RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY OF SOIL FORMATIONS (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) EXAMPLE #1 TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE LOAM(SANDY CLAY) SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) DECOMPOSED ROCK ROCK EXAMPLE #2 14 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) TRANSPORTED SOILS(GRAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS -IS A WIND-BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS - RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS 15 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS 16 IGNEOUS ROCK: The original rock type for the planet (results from cooling of molten rock (magma, lava) SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW 17 COURSE OVERVIEW SOILS (1ST HALF OF COURSE) GEOLOGY-ORIGIN OF SOILS PROPERTIES OF SOILS •ITS PARAMETER •ITS BEHAVIOR •OTHER ASPECTS EARTHWORKS (2ND HALF OF COURSE) CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS • ENVIRONMENTAL • GEOTECHNICAL 18 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH IT CONSIST OF •ROCKS •SOIL •WATER DEFINITIONS Rocks -minerals bonded by strong attractive forces Soils - are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock •ROCKS - IGNEOUS - SEDIMENTARY - METAMORPHIC 19 INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS- COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY -ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) 20 CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) METAMORPHIC-EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS) WEATHERING FOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT-SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC, 21 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS •RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY OF SOIL FORMATIONS (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) EXAMPLE #1 TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE LOAM(SANDY CLAY) SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) DECOMPOSED ROCK ROCK EXAMPLE #2 22 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) TRANSPORTED SOILS(GRAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS -IS A WIND-BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS - RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS 23 RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS 24 IGNEOUS ROCK: The original rock type for the planet (results from cooling of molten rock (magma, lava) SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW 25