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To Instructor: Students should be able to… • Explain what is required for a planet’s magnetic field to be generated by a dynamo. • Describe the evidence that plates move, based on observations of magnetic patterns. • Use paleomagnetic data to reconstruct past plate motion. • Compare the Earth’s magnetic field with those of other planets and explain what the observations of those planets reveal about internal composition and structure. The hotspot activity is directed toward achieving the 2nd and 3rd of these goals. Prior information should include generation of Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic reversals, sea floor spreading, and the development of remanent magnetism, both in igneous and sedimentary rocks/sediments. See “notes” pages under subsequent slides for information Earth’s Magnetic Field - Inclination - + Angle between Earth’s surface and magnetic field lines. Earth’s Magnetic Field – Inclination as a function of latitude At Vancouver: Latitude = 49 degrees North Inclination = ~67 degrees Magnetic inclination: evidence for WHERE rocks formed HOT SPOT VOLCANOES: Chains of volcanoes (and single volcanoes) on the sea floor The Mantle Plume Hypothesis 1. Hot spots form where narrow plumes rise by convection from the core-mantle boundary 2. The plume locations are stationary in the mantle IF this is true, what would the evidence look like? Hotspot tracks (animation) “Fixed hotspot-moving plate” model Resulting chain of volcanoes Lithospheric plate motion Mantle plume For instructor: Have class do activity 1 before continuing Next slide, discuss answers to activity 1 What does the “fixed hotspot – moving plate” model imply about the direction of motion of the Pacific Plate in the past? >45 Ma N-ward 0-45 Ma: NW-ward Did this happen? How are hot spots? (and how could we tell?) TESTING THE FIXED HOTSPOT MODEL WITH INCLINATION How are hot spots? What do you think happened? Seamount Age (Ma) Inclination (º) Paleolatitude (º) Detroit 78 Ma 60 No Suiko 61 Ma 45 No Nintoku 56 Ma 44 No Koko 49 Ma 38 Yes Hawaii 0 Ma 34 Yes Data from Tarduno et al., Science, 2003 Corals? Seamount Age (Ma) Inclination (º) Paleolatitude (º) Detroit 78 Ma 60 42 No Suiko 61 Ma 45 27 No Nintoku 56 Ma 44 26 No Koko 49 Ma 38 22 Yes Hawaii 0 Ma 34 19 Yes Inclination versus Latitude 90 Inclination (degrees) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Latitude (degrees) 60 70 80 90 Corals? Hotspot latitude versus Age 45 35 30 25 No Corals Corals 20 15 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Age (Ma) Moving plate + moving hotspot! 0 Latitude (degrees) 40 Demo for after this activity (make the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain): Materials: blank overhead and overhead pens You be the hotspot (pen). Get a volunteer to be the plate (overhead). Ask the volunteer to move the “plate” across the overhead projector to the NW (like the Pacific Plate) 1. You be a “fixed” hotspot. Result: linear chain 2. You be a hotspot that moves south for a while, then becomes stationary. Result: something very like the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain, with a sharp elbow