Download Science Olympiad Fossils Division B

Science Olympiad
Fossils
Division B
2015
8 – Types of Rock
First Item
• Review Last Week’s Test
Results
Fossils in the News
Feathered Fossils Give Scaly Dinosaurs a Makeover
Date: ???
Source: National Geographic http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141209-dinosaurfeathers-flight-archaeology-science/
Summary: At a recent Berlin conference, scientists celebrated
continuing revelations from the most famous feathered dinosaur,
Archaeopteryx, in the city where the most complete specimen
resides. Long considered the "first bird," it lived 150 million years
ago and sparked the notion that birds are the living remnants of
the dinosaur line, intriguing even Darwin.
But new finds have confirmed that feathers started long before
Archaeopteryx first flapped its wings.
ART: SAMANTHA WELKER. SOURCE:
OLIVER W. M. RAUHUT
Rocks ??
• What is it good for?
Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary Rock forms from particles, called sediment, that are worn
off other rocks. The particles are sand, silt, and clay. Sand has the largest
particles while clay has the smallest. If there are a lot of pebbles mixed
with the sand, it is called gravel. The sediment gets turned into rock by
being buried and compacted by pressure from the weight above it.
Another way it becomes rock is from being cemented together by material
that has been dissolved in water. Often, both cementing and compaction
take place together.
•
From Website: http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
•
•
•
•
Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks most of the time. Sometimes fossils can be
found under volcanic ash or even preserved under a lava flow, but this is very rare.
NOTE: Sedimentary rocks do not always have fossils in them.
Layers are a characteristic of sedimentary rocks. The bottom layers are naturally
the oldest.
Some types of rocks found in the layers:
Limestone, mainly calcium carbonate, common in warm, shallow seas, often has
fossils.
Shale is a fine grained rock formed from silt and clays. It preserves fossils well.
Sandstone is widespread in desert deposits and on shallow water sediments.
Ripple marks and Mud cracks are characteristics of many sedimentary rocks
formed in shallow waters. Ripple marks are common in shale. Mud cracks are form
when mud drys quickly. These imply the presence of sunlight, water and moderate
temperature conditions related to the possibilities of life.
From website: http://www.earthsci.org/fossils/youngp/how2/how1.htm
Limestone
•
•
•
•
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and
aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Most
limestone is composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral
or foraminifera.
Limestone makes up about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.
The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst
landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of
years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.
Limestone has numerous uses: as a building material, as aggregate for the base
of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints, and
as a chemical feedstock
From Website: http://en.wikipedia.org
What is Limestone?
•
Limestone-Forming Environment – Marine
•
•
•
Most limestones form in shallow, calm, warm marine waters. That type of
environment is where organisms capable of forming calcium carbonate shells and
skeletons can easily extract the needed ingredients from ocean water. When these
animals die their shell and skeletal debris accumulate as a sediment that might be
lithified into limestone. Their waste products can also contribute to the sediment
mass. Limestones formed from this type of sediment are biological sedimentary
rocks. Their biological origin is often revealed in the rock by the presence of fossils.
From Website: http://geology.com/rocks/
What is Shale
•
•
•
•
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size
mineral particles that we commonly call "mud". This composition places shale in a category of
sedimentary rocks known as "mudstones". Shale is distinguished from other mudstones because
it is fissile and laminated. "Laminated" means that the rock is made up of many thin layers.
"Fissile" means that the rock readily splits into thin pieces along the laminations.
Uses of Shale
Some shales have special properties that make them important resources. Black shales contain
organic material that sometimes breaks down to form natural gas or oil. Other shales can be
crushed and mixed with water to produce clays that can be made into a variety of useful objects.
From Website: http://geology.com/rocks/shale.shtml
Shale: Shale breaks into thin pieces with sharp
edges. It occurs in a wide range of colors that include:
red, brown, green, gray, and black. It is the most
common sedimentary rock and is found in
sedimentary basins worldwide.
Questions ?
Next Week’s Topics?
•
Review Flash Cards
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flash Cards Instructions
Divide the work between team members
Check each others work
Work on the fossils assign to your team
Use the sample flash cards posted to the schools Science Olympiad web
site under the Fossil event. Sample Files are:
1. FlashCardsFusulinidsNummulites.ppt
2. FlashCardsHemichordataMucrospirifer.pptx
5. Save your flash card files using this name:
1. FlashCardsName of FossileName of Fossil
Example is: FlashCardsFusulinidsNummulites.ppt
For Fossil pictures start with these 3 files loaded on the school Science
Olympiad web site
2009-Fossil-Poster.pdf
2009-Fossil-Notes-B.pdf
2009-Fossil-Notes-B2.pdf
Another good source is:
Web Site: http://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Fossil_List