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The Periodic Table • A map of the building block of matter. 1 1 IA 1 H Periodic Table 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 1.00797 2 3 Li 4 5 Be B 6.939 9.0122 3 11 Na 12 Mg 19 K 20 Ca 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 6 37 38 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 39 43 Sr Mo Tc [99] 56 57 La 72 Hf Nb 42 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 Ba Zr 41 Rb 55 Y 40 85.47 Cs 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 7 87 88 8 O 9 F 4.0026 10 Ne 11 IB 12 IIB 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71 5 7 N He 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179 22.9898 24.305 4 6 C 18 VIIIA 2 89 104 Fr Ra Ac Ku [223] [226] [227] [260] 105 106 107 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 29 30 31 32 33 Ge 63.54 65.37 65.37 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80 47 48 49 Ag Cd In Sn Sb 52 Te Br 36 Ga 51 Se 35 Zn 50 As 34 Cu 53 I Kr 54 Xe 101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30 76 Os 190.2 108 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] 109 85 86 At Rn [210] [222] http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html Periodic Law • Periodic Law: –Physical and chemical properties of the elements repeat in a regular pattern when they are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Families or Groups & Periods • Families or groups go down columns of the periodic table. • There are 18 columns that have similar characteristics and they have the following names. 1 – alkaline earth metals 15 – nitrogen group 2 – alkali metals 16 – chalcogens 3-12 – transition metals 17 – halogens 13 – boron group 18 – noble gases 14 – carbon group • Periods go across the periodic table. Directions of trends Increase Across – Decrease Down Electronegativity • Ability to attract electrons • Most electronegative atoms are in upper right corner of periodic table (fluorine) • That’s why atoms on the right gain electrons; they pull electrons from the metals on the left. Ionization Energy • Energy required to remove an electron from an atom • The nucleus’s hold on its valence electrons Direction of trends increase-down a group & decrease across a period Atomic Radius Melting & Boiling Points • Refers to size of an atom • As you move across the period, the attraction between valence electrons and the nucleus is stronger; resulting in smaller size • Temperature required to melt or boil an element. • Metals increase as you go down a group; decrease across a period. • Nonmetals decrease down a group and increase across a period. Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement 1 IA 1 • Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 18 VIIIA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB Metals 10 11 IB 12 IIB Nonmetals Reading the Periodic Table: Classification Across the Periodic Table Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7) 1 IA 1 These elements have the same number of valence shells. 2 IIA 13 IIIA 2nd Period 2 3 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 4 5 6th Period 6 7 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB 14 IVA 18 VIIIA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA Down the Periodic Table •Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) •These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell. 1 IA 1 18 VIIIA Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 2 3 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB 4 5 6 7 Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell 17 VIIA Infamous Families of the Periodic Table 1 IA 1 • Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members: Halogen Alkali Noble Gas Alkaline Chalcogens 18 (earth) VIIIA 2 IIA 13 IIIA Transition Metals 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA Important members - the Elements 1 IA 1 H 2 Li 3 4 5 6 7 • Individual members of selected Elements & their 2 characteristics 13 14 15 IIA Na Mg K Ca IIIA 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 Fe 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB Cu Zn Ag IVA VA 18 VIIIA 16 VIA 17 VIIA C N O F Al Si P S Cl Br I He Periodic Table: Electron Behavior • The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of the electrons 1 IA 1 ---------- --------------- ----------------- METALS Alkali Alkaline Transition These elements tend to give up e- and form CATIONS METALLOID NON-METALS Noble gas Halogens Chalcogens These elements tend to accept e- and form ANIONS These elements will give up e- or accept e- 2 IIA 13 IIIA 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB 14 IVA 18 VIIIA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA •Atomic Radius: Trend in Atomic Radius •The size of an atom is decreases as you move across a period and increases as you move down a family. Trend in Ionization Potential Ionization potential: The energy required to remove the valence electron from an atom. It is greatest in the upper right corner of the periodic table because these atoms hold on to their valence e- the tightest. Trend in Electron Affinity Electron Affinity: The energy released when an electron is added to an atom. It is greatest in the upper right corner of the periodic table as these atoms have the greatest affinity for electrons. Summary of Trends 1. Electron Configuration 2. Atomic Radius 3. Ionization Energy 4. Electron Affinity