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Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(put in your vocabulary builder)
matter
atom
nucleus
electron
element
ion
molecule
ionic bond
covalent bond
hydrogen bond
solution
solute
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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24.
25.
solvent
monomer
polymer
carbohydrate
monosaccharide
lipid
fatty acid
nucleic acid
nucleotide
protein
amino acid
enzyme
I. Nature of Matter
A. matter = anything that has mass
and takes up space
B. matter exists in 3 states
1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas
C. Atoms & Molecules
1. Atoms consist of tiny, dense,
positively charged nucleus
made of neutrons and protons,
surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
a. nucleus of an atom (center)
1) protons = “+” charge
2) neutrons = no charge
(neutral)
b. Electron clouds (outside)
contain electrons = “-”
charge
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Atom Movie
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D. Elements
1.
2.
3.
4.
When something is
made up of only one
kind of atom it is
called an element.
Elements can not be
broken down further.
Arranged in the
Periodic Table
6 of these elements
make up 99% of living
matter.
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E. Ions and Molecules
1. ion = when atoms gain or lose electrons, can
be positively or negatively charged
2. molecules = formed by combining 2 or more
atoms, ex: O2 or H2O
Ion Movie
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F. Periodic Table
1. atomic
number = # of
protons
2. atomic mass =
# protons + #
neutrons
3. isotopes =
same atomic
# but different
atomic mass
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12.011
c
Carbon
6
Atomic Mass
Atomic Symbol
Atomic #
G. Chemical Bonds
= the force of attraction that holds two or more
atoms together
1. Main types:
a. ionic bond = strong bond when one
atom gives up an electron to another,
forming two ions of opposite charge,
holding the atoms together (think of a
magnet)
b. covalent bond = strongest bond formed
by the sharing of one or more electrons
c. hydrogen bond = a weak bond between
a slightly + H and slightly - molecule
H. Solutions = when ions dispersed
evenly in solvent
1. Solute = substance to be
dissolved (ex: salt)
2. Solvent = substance into
which the solute is dissolved
(ex: water)
II. Organic Compounds
A.
Organic compounds =
always contain
carbon and hydrogen,
usually associated
with living things
1.
2.
Large compounds
(polymers) are built by
adding smaller ones
(monomers) together
Macromolecules =
large molecules like
carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acids, and
proteins
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Organic
Molecules
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
made of
made of
Sugar ring(s)
with a unit structure
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which contain
C, H, O
Fatty Acids
with a unit structure
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which contain
C, H, O
Nucleic acids
made of
Proteins
made of
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
with a unit structure
with a unit structure
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which contain
which contain
C, H, O, P, N
C, H, O, N
B. Carbohydrates
1. Functions
a. Primary energy source
b. Structures like plant cell walls (ex: fiber,
wood)
2. Dietary sources
a. Monosaccharides = single sugar
molecules (ex: sweets, glucose) ***leave
space for picture next page
b. Polysaccharides = macromolecules
formed from repeating glucose units (ex:
starchy foods, cellulose)
Carbohydrate and Lipid
Movies
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Polysaccharide
Glucose
(Monosaccharide)
C. Lipids
1. Functions
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a. padding and insulation
b. long-term energy storage (9
kcal/gram)
c. building blocks for some hormones
d. fat soluble vitamins
2. Dietary sources
a. Meats, nuts, dairy and almost any
greasy food
DRAW - fatty
acid structure
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What is the difference
between fat and fattening?
3. Lipids are made up of fatty
acids linked together
a. Saturated: no double bonds
between the carbons in backbone
1) Come from animals
2) Solids at room temperature
3) Clog up your arteries
Unsaturated fat
Saturated fat
Trans fat
FYI: “Hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” =
double bonds are removed = not healthy for you!
b. Unsaturated
1) Come from plants
2) Liquids (oils) at room temperature
3) Don’t clog up your arteries
4. Types of Lipids
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fats
Oils
Waxes (very long chains of fatty acids)
Phospholipids (primary component of cell
membranes)
D. Nucleic Acids
1. Function - to store and transmit genetic
information
2. Made up of nucleotides: a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
3. Two types of nucleotides
a. DNA: contains the sugar deoxyribose
b. RNA: contains the sugar ribose
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Protein Movie
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E. Proteins
1.
Functions
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Dietary sources
a.
b.
3.
form cellular structures
form enzymes
form antibodies and some hormones
help transport substances within cells or body
energy 4 kcal/gram
Meat & dairy products
Plant sources - beans, nuts, peas
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
acid end
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F. Enzymes
1. Enzymes
regulate/control
nearly all chemical
reactions in cells.
a. End in “–ase”
b. Ex: hexokinase,
polymerase
2. Properties of
Enzymes
a. Made of protein
b. speed up chemical
reactions
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c. Enzymes are not used up in reactions, so they can
be used over and over
d. Specific for certain molecules
e. Sensitive to temperature, acids, and bases
Why do you die when the temperature gets too high
within your body?
3. Enzyme Action
a. Enzymes provide a place where certain molecules
can react more quickly
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