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Biochemistry Review
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Biology is the study of living things.
Organic or Biochemistry is the study of the
chemical reactions in living things.
What is the smallest unit of matter?
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An Atom
Atoms- What area is positive and what
area is negative?
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The nucleus is positive
The electron cloud is negative
Where is the mass?
In the nucleus
Atoms
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Atomic Number= # of protons
Atomic Mass= P+N
First Energy Level= can hold ..
2 electrons
Second Energy level can hold..
8 Electrons
What is a molecule?
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A group of the same kind of atom held
together with covalent bonds
How are ions and isotopes
same/different?
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They are both molecules and the number of
protons stays the same, BUT
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Ions have different charges (different number
of electrons)
Isotopes have different masses (different
number of neutrons)
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What makes a molecule polar?
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Uneven sharing of electrons gives the
molecule partially negative areas and partially
positive areas
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Give an example of a polar molecule.
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Water – H20=Oxygen has a negative charge,
hydrogen has a positive charge.
What is a compound?
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A substance made of two or more different
elements.
These elements are held together with ionic
bonds.
What is the most common element in
living things?
 Carbon
 It
is present in all four of the
biomolecules
 Which biomolecule contains
nitrogen?
 Protein
Let’s talk about bonds!
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What are the three types we have covered?
Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen bonds
A Bond formed when molecules share
electrons
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Covalent Bonds
A Bond between two oppositely
charged molecules (one positive one
negative)
 Ionic
bonds
A Weak bond between polar
molecules
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A Hydrogen Bond
Four Categories of Biomolecules
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Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
These are very large molecules so we call
them Macromolecules!
Carbohydrates- What do we know?
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Ratio of C:H:O is
1:2:1
Monomers are:
saccharides-simple sugars
Polymers are:
polysaccharides- starches
Lipids
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Monomers are glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers are Trigycerides- a glycerol with
three fatty acid chains
Lipids can be fats or oils,
They are nonpolar- don’t mix with water
Saturated fats are solid (butter, lard)
Unsaturated are oils (olive, vegetable)
Proteins
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Monomer is an amino acid (20 types), each
amino acid has an R group on its central
carbon.
Polymers are polypeptides, two or more
amino acids bonded together
What is the process that builds
polymers from monomers?
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Dehydration Synthesis (synthesize is to
make)
Remember this process gives off a molecule
of ……
H20
Breaking down polymers into
monomers
is
called
 Hydrolysis- “Lysis” is to break
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What molecule is needed for this to happen?
H20 must be present and breaks into its parts
to replace the H’s and O
pH scale
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1-14
What does it measure?
The acidity or basicity of a solution
7 is neutral
Acids are …
Below 7
Bases are …
Above 7
This is the end.
Best of Luck!