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Chapter 6
Tourism Planning and
Sustainable
Development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Objectives
• After reading and studying this
chapter, you should be able to:
– Explain the life cycle of tourism
– Differentiate between the various
approaches to tourism planning
– Discuss the role of governments in
tourism planning
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Objectives (cont’d.)
– Explain the purpose of and reasons for
tourism policy
– Explain what sustainable development is
and how tourism is tied to it
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Introduction
• Planning:
– Selecting various goals and strategies to
ensure they are accomplished
• In organizations, executives determine
where the organization is and where it wants
to go
– Goals are established for each of the
key operating areas
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–1 • Elements of Efficient and Effective Tourism Development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Introduction (cont’d.)
• Planning:
– May be short term (tactical or
operational planning) or long term
(strategic planning)
– Begins with strategic planning
• Tourism master plan
– Starts with an environmental scan that assesses
social-cultural, technological, economic,
educational, political, and legal factors
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Introduction (cont’d.)
• Sustainable development:
– Development that meets present needs
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs
• All tourism development should be planned
to be sustainable
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Introduction (cont’d.)
• Effective tourism planning:
– Necessary for harmony in development
– Helps ensure fair and sustainable
policies are enacted
– Help ensure the location avoids decline
by prolonging its maturity phase
– Requires public and private sector
interaction
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Introduction (cont’d.)
• Without proper tourism planning
destinations encounter problems
– Overdevelopment
– Pollution and sewage disposal problems
• Environmental scanning
– Analytical process
• Allows investors and executives to anticipate
trends and allocate resources accordingly
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Planning as Part of a System
• Edward Inskeep
– Demand factors
• Created by use of attractions, facilities, and
services
– Supply factors
• Transportation, infrastructure, water, electric,
sewage disposal, attractions,
accommodations, foodservice, facilities,
services, and industrial elements
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–2 • A Tourism Planning Framework
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Planning (cont’d.)
• Approaches to planning:
– Community-focused approach
• Incorporates community opinions
– Sustainable approach
• Avoids environmental and cultural degradation
– Systems Approach
• Tourism as a complete and integrated system
– Governmental approach
• Governments involved with several aspects
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Planning Premises
• International planning premises
– Many are derived from World Tourism
Conferences
• Joint Declaration of the United Nations
World Tourism Organization
• United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP)
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Principles for Development
• Gunn and Turgut
– Goals for tourism planning:
• Enhanced visitor satisfaction
• Developing infrastructures and providing
recreation facilities for visitors and residents
• Improved economy and business success
• Sustainable resource use
• Community and area integration
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–3 • Inskeep’s Goals for a Tourism Plan
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Government Involvement
• Necessary in tourism planning and
development in several areas,
including:
– Policy
– Regulations
– Obtaining finances
– Issuing/monitoring loans
– Resource management
– Superstructure and infrastructure
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Government (cont’d.)
– Transportation
– International treaties
– Recording and publishing information
– Human resource development
– Training
– Health care
– Sanitation
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Planning at a National Level
• Edward Inskeep recommends
national level of tourism planning
focus on:
– Tourism policy
– Physical structure plan
– Major infrastructure considerations
– Tourism organizational structures,
legislation, and investment policies
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
National Level (cont’d.)
– Overall tourism marketing strategies and
promotion programs
– Education and training programs
– Facility development and design standards
– Sociocultural, environmental, and economic
considerations and impact analyses
– National-level implementation techniques
– Land use planning
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Regional Development Elements
• Claire Gunn, elements necessary for
regional development:
– Natural resources
– Cultural resources
– Viable service communities
– Access
– Markets
– Favorable development image
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Regional Development (cont’d.)
– Local acceptance of tourism
– Favorable government controls
– Available land for development
– Availability of entrepreneurs and
managers
– Availability of labor
– Availability of finances
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Unsuccessful Development
• Many nations have regarded tourism
as an economic quick fix
– Results in:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overtouristed destinations
Overburdened facilities
Overbuilding of hotels
Polluted beaches
Cultural conflict
Dissatisfied tourist
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Unsuccessful (cont’d.)
• Stephen Smith, typical evolution of
unplanned tropical beach resorts
– Some local settlement; no significant
tourism
– First tourism; second home strip
development
– First hotel; high-budget visitors; new
jobs
– More hotels; strip intensified; houses
displaced
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Unsuccessful (cont’d.)
– More lodging; cultural disruptions; beach
congestion/pollution
– More hotels; flood and erosion damage;
tourism dominates
– Resort government fails; urbanized
resort.
– Serious pollution; lateral spread; fully
urbanized
• Model can be applied to other types
of tourism development
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Sustainable Development
• United Nations first coined the term
sustainable development in 1972
– Used it to stress responsible actions in
development projects
• Key concepts:
– Meeting needs of visitors and
communities
– Protecting the tourism attraction as part
of a national economic resource
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Sustainable (cont’d.)
• Tourism must improve the quality of
life of the host population
– Conserving and protecting natural
surroundings
• Community-based tourism:
– Focuses on community involvement
• Quality tourism:
– Offers tourists “good value for money”
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
UNWTO Indicators
• Function as management and
planning tools for tourism
development
– General core indicators
• Can be applied to all destinations
– Destination-specific indicators
• Can be applied to particular ecosystems or
types of tourism at a particular site, location,
or destination
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
UNWTO Indicators (cont’d.)
• Subcategories:
– Ecosystem-specific indicators
• For example, for coastal areas, parks and
protected areas, or mountainous areas
– Site-specific indicators
• Developed for one specific site
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
UNWTO Indicators (cont’d.)
• Identifying and measuring indicators
allows you to:
– See specific cause-and-effect
relationships
• Identify and prevent/mitigate emerging
issues
• Identify impacts before they are problematic
• Support sustainable tourism development
while identifying limits and opportunities
• Promote management accountability and
responsible decision making
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–4 • The Core Indicators of Sustainable Tourism
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization, What Tourism Managers Need to Know
(Madrid, Spain: UNWTO, 2004), 11–21. © UNWTO. 9284404409.
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Composite Indices
• Made up of core indicators and
ecosystem-specific indicators
– Combined into a single measure of
sustainability that can be monitored
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–5 • Composite Indices for Sustainable Tourism
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization. www.UNWTO.org, © UNWTO.
9284404409.
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Supplementary Indicators
• Ecosystem-specific indicators
– Coastal zones and mountain regions
– Managed wildlife park and unique
ecological sites
– Urban environments
– Cultural sites and small islands
• Site-specific management indicators
– Designed for application at one specific
site
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Figure 6–6 • Ecosystem-Specific Indicator—Coastal Zones
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization. © UNWTO. 9284404409.
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Composite Indices (cont’d.)
• Agenda 21:
– Helps in defining priority areas for action
– Includes objectives and suggested steps
to achieve them
– Strategic and economic importance of
travel and tourism is analyzed
– Enormous benefits in a sustainable
tourism industry are clearly
demonstrated
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Environment Assessment
• Green Globe Program:
– Evaluates current level of environmental
performance of a tourism entity
– Uses a strategic environmental
assessment
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Environment (cont’d.)
• Assessment results include:
– Documenting of positive and negative
environmental impacts
– Identifying critical performance gaps
– Identifying opportunities for remedial action
– Environmental policy for the tourism sector
– Detailed report on the current situation
– Identifying specific sustainable development
recommendations
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Environment (cont’d.)
• Action, planning, prioritizing, and
monitoring
– After the assessment has been made,
Green Globe assists with:
•
•
•
•
Setting environmental improvement priorities
Implementation of timetables
Researching sources of funding
Identification of sustainability indicators
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Climate Change
• Conferences:
– 1992 UN Conference on the
Environment and Development in Rio de
Janeiro
– 2002 World Summit on Sustainable
Development held in Johannesburg
– International Conference on Climate
Change and Tourism
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Climate Change (cont’d.)
• Climate change (i.e., global warming)
– Great concern to tourism planners,
governments, and citizens
– Current threats of climate change:
•
•
•
•
Greenland
Arctic and Antarctica
Great Barrier Reef
Florida Everglades
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Climate Change (cont’d.)
• Kyoto Protocol
– Adopted in 1977
– Response to mounting concerns about
climate change
– Formalized commitment to cut
greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent
by 2012
• These have only increased since 2003
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Climate Change (cont’d.)
• World Tourism Organization
– Djerba Declaration on Tourism and
Climate Change urged governments to:
• Adopt the Kyoto Protocol
• Research and collaborate on climate change
• Move tourism up the agenda in climate
change discussion
• Implement sustainable water use practices
and the ecological management of sensitive
areas
• Raise consumer awareness
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Climate Change (cont’d.)
• Challenges and opportunities include:
– Making it clear that protecting the
environment is not incompatible with
economic development
• Sustainable development clearly benefits
both the economy and the environment
– Connecting environmental sustainability
to the fight to eradicate poverty and to
eradicate world hunger
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices
John Walker
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Pearson [imprint]