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Energy 101 Steve Brick Energy Center of Wisconsin ecw.org Overview Energy currency Rules Terms Statistics Implications The Future The Currency Energy is the ability to do work Joules are the international currency A joule equals one watt-second (power * time) A British Thermal Unit (Btu) = 1,055 joules One kilowatt (kWh) hour = 3,412 Btu One therm = 100,000 Btu One calorie = 4.184 joules One dietary calorie = 1,000 calories kWh and therms are important for consumers – these are the units that electric and gas bills are expressed in Rules Thermodynamics Energy Facility Siting The laws of thermodynamics You can’t win You can’t break even You can’t get out of the game The second law Entropy – disorder – always increases The most important law Disorder = pollution The rule of facility siting “No one wants to live next to the skunk works, no matter how many skunks they use.” Energy demand continues to grow, but building new facilities is difficult. Energy resources Non-renewable resources Fossil Coal Oil Natural Gas Non-fossil Uranium Thorium Renewable Resources Wind Hydro Biomass Geothermal Solar Non-renewable energy... Is running out ... Petroleum – 100 years Coal – 400 years Will we really run out? Maybe... Basic statistics US per capita energy consumption = 345 million Btus Denmark per capita energy consumption = 175 million Btus Energy consumption in China = 20 million Btus US Energy Production, 2002 (71 quads) Coal = 33% Gas = 31 % Oil = 17% Nuclear = 11% Renewable = 8% 6 8 23 12 22 Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Renewable US Energy Consumption, 2002 (97 quads) Coal = 23% Gas = 24% Oil = 39% Nuclear = 8% Renewable = 6% 8 6 38 Coal Oil Renewable 22 23 Gas Nuclear Energy Balance, 2002 (quads) 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 Coal Gas Production Oil Consumption Nuclear Net Renewable Total End Use Consumption, 2002 (quads) Residential = 22% Commercial = 18% Industrial = 33% Transportation = 27% 21 27 17 32 Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Primary End Use Consumption, 2002 (quads) Residential = 7% Commercial = 4% Industrial = 22% Transportation = 27% Electricity = 40% 7 4 38 22 26 Residential Transportation Commercial Electricity Industrial Where do I use energy? Household – electricity, natural gas, propane, wood, wind, photovoltaic Transportation – gasoline, diesel fuel Purchases – embodied energy The Brick Family energy budget (1,725 Million Btus....) Electricity = 51 million Btus Natural gas = 99 million Btus Automobiles = 161 million Btus Air travel = 79 million Btus This all equals 390 million Btus – the rest is embodied in purchases and in all the energy it takes to run American society Efficiency What if 3 quarts of milk were lost between the cow and the gallon in the refrigerator? Efficiency That’s the way it is with electricity The total efficiency of the system (from mine to the outlet in your house) is only about 25 percent! For every Btu delivered three are wasted Efficiency That’s the way it is with the internal combustion engine Total system efficiency is only about 20 percent For every Btu delivered four are wasted Implications Our standard of living is intimately tied to our consumption of fossil fuels Our standard of living has serious environmental implications Environmental Issues Air pollution Ozone Particles Acid Rain Climate Change Water use Pollution Thermal Consumption Land use Sprawl Habitat fragmentation Is the fossil fuel picnic sustainable? Fossil fuel resources are finite Scientific consensus that climate change is real To stabilize climate, we need to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases 7080 percent below present levels by about 2050 – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Can we do this? The Energy Pyramid Energy efficiency Renewable energy New technologies Consumer Responsibility Where does my energy come from? What does my energy cost? What are the direct costs? What are the indirect costs Education is key!