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Chapter 10: Emotion and motivation Slides prepared by Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos, adapted by Dr Mark Forshaw, Staffordshire University, UK 1 Emotional Experience: The Feeling Machine 2 Emotional Experience • Imagine ‘being in love’ • Having the emotion is easy • Describing it is hard – could focus on sources – could focus on physiology – could try to describe the experience 3 What Is Emotion? • Feelings versus moods versus emotions • Multidimensional scaling • Dimension of arousal • Dimension of valence (feeling) 4 The Emotional Body • James-Lange Theory – Events occur, they trigger a brain response which creates an emotion • Cannon-Bard Theory – Events simultaneously trigger an autonomic nervous system response AND an emotion • Two-Factor Theory – Emotions are inferences about physiological arousal that hasn't been differentiated 5 Physiology of Emotion 6 The Emotional Brain • Temporal lobe syndrome • Amygdala – Appraisal – Acts very fast to distinguish threat from nonthreat – Acts BEFORE you have worked out the details of the stimulus 7 The Emotional Brain • Amygdala – make a rapid appraisal (PURPLE route) • Cortex – make a slow, thorough appraisal (TURQUISE route) Stimulus Fear response 8 The Emotional Brain • Emotional regulation – typically to turn negative into positive – may sometimes need to “cheer down” • Reappraisal – thinking can change feeling – shown photo of woman crying at funeral amygdala became active – asked to reappraise and imagine woman is at wedding cortex became active and then amygdala deactivated 9 Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds 10 Communicative Expression • Universality hypothesis – cross-cultural research supports this – congenitally blind persons make same expressions as others • The cause and effect of expression – feelings cause emotional expressions (muscles) – facial-feedback hypothesis – people with trouble experiencing emotions have trouble recognizing the emotions of others 11 Deceptive Expression • Display rules – Intensification = exaggerating – Deintensification = muting expression – Masking = expressing one emotion whilst feeling another – Neutralizing = feeling an emotion but displaying none 12 Deceptive Expression • Our attempts to obey our culture’s display rules are sometimes betrayed by incomplete control of facial muscles • Four sets of features that allow careful observer to tell whether our emotional expression is sincere – – – – morphology symmetry duration temporal patterning 13 Deceptive Expression • Humans are generally not that good at detecting when others are lying • Accuracy based on profession (100% = perfect accuracy, 50% = guessing), some trained professionals can achieve 80% [Ekman & O’Sullivan(1991)], whereas most people are no better than chance [Ekman, 1992] 14 Deceptive Expression • Polygraph – measures physiological changes associated with stress – high false positive rate • Blood flow in brain and face – some brain areas are more active when people lie than when they tell the truth 15 Motivation: Getting Moved 16 Motivation • Motivation • Function of emotion – we use mood to make judgments • Capgras Syndrome – Damage to connections between limbic system and temporal lobe • Hedonic principle – motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain 17 Motivation • Conceptualising motivation – Instincts according to the text, “nature endows us with certain motivations and […] experience endows us with others” – Drives • Departing from the optimal state creates a drive – Homeostasis • A system will find its own ‘balance’ 18 Motivation • Eating and mating • Maslow’s hierarchy – organise urges or needs 19 The Hunger Signal • Body needs energy = sends orexigenic signal (tells brain to switch hunger on) – ghrelin • Body has sufficient energy = sends anorexigenic signal (tells brain to switch hunger off) – leptin 20 Hypothalamus and Eating • Primary receiver of hunger signals is hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus receives orexigenic signals • Ventromedial hypothalamus receives anorexigenic signals 21 Eating Problems • Bulimia nervosa – caught in a cycle • Anorexia nervosa – even though body is producing high levels of ghrelin (trying to switch hunger on), hunger’s call is suppressed, ignored, or over-ridden • Obesity – human body is designed to resist weight loss so obesity is natural consequence of high calorie existence 22 Sexual Interest • In some ways, sexual interest follows a simple wiring scheme – glands secrete hormones – hormones travel to brain – brain stimulates sexual desire – but what triggers the launch and which hormones and which brain parts? 23 Sexual Interest • Hormone dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) seems to be involved in initial onset of sexual desire • Both males and females produce testosterone and oestrogen – males produce more testosterone – females produce more oestrogen • Testosterone appears to be involved in sex drive for both men and women 24 Sexual Activity • Human sexual response cycle – – – – – excitement phase plateau phase orgasm phase resolution phase refractory period 25 Kinds of Motivation • Extrinsic motivation • Intrinsic motivation – extrinsic motivators can undermine intrinsic motivation • Conscious motivation • Unconscious motivation 26 Kinds of Motivation • Need for achievement – Unconscious desire to ‘get somewhere’, solve a problem etc. • Approach motivation – Desire to experience a positive outcome • Avoidance motivation – Desire to avoid a negative outcome 27