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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Muscular
System
6
PART A
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The Muscular System
 Muscles are responsible for movement through
contraction
 Three basic muscle types are found in the body
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
- skeletal & smooth muscle cells are elongated & are
called muscle fibers
- muscle terminology – prefixes myo- and mys- (“muscle”)
& sarco- (“flesh”)
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Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles
Table 6.1 (1 of 2)
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Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles
Table 6.1 (2 of 2)
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1. Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
- contain multinucleate cells
- Striated - having visible bands/stripes
- under voluntary or conscious control
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a. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
- Endomysium - covers each muscle fiber
- Fascicle - bundle of muscle fibers
- Perimysium - covers each fascicle
- Epimysium - covers the entire muscle
- epimysium blends into either a cordlike tendon which is
dense/fibrous connective tissue or a sheetlike
aponeuroses which attach muscles indirectly
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.1
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2. Smooth Muscle Characteristics
- no striations or stripes
- under involuntary control
- found mainly in the walls of hollow organs such as
the stomach, bladder & respiratory passages
- cells are spindle shaped
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Figure 6.2a
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3. Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
- Found only in the heart
- Striated - having bands/stripes
- under involuntary control
- muscle fibers are branching cells joined by
junctions called intercalated discs
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Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Figure 6.2b
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B. Skeletal Muscle Functions
1. Produce movement
- skeletal muscles responsible for locomotion
- smooth muscle of vessels & cardiac muscle of the
heart work together to circulate blood & maintain blood
pressure
- smooth muscles of hollow organs force fluids & other
substances (food, a baby) through body channels
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2. Maintain Posture
- skeletal muscles working continuously to maintain a
erect or seated posture despite the downward pull of
gravity
3. Stabilize Joints
- skeletal muscles stabilize & reinforce joints that have
poorly fitting articular surfaces
4. Generating Heat
- heat is a byproduct of muscle contraction
- ¾ of the energy from ATP escapes as heat
- necessary for homeostasis in maintaining body temp.
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II. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
A. Sarcolemma - specialized plasma membrane
B. Myofibrils - long organelles inside the muscle cell
1. Sarcomere - contractile units of a myofibril
2. Sarcomeres are made of myofilaments (threadlike
protein)
a.
Actin - thin filaments
b.
Myosin- thick filaments
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3a
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The thick filaments or myosin produce the dark A band which is where
they overlap with the thin filaments or actin.
The thin filaments or actin produce the light I band which is where they do
not overlap the myosin.
The A bands are bisected by the H zone which is where there is no
overlap between the actin and myosin filaments
The Z lines separate the individual sarcomeres
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
C. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
- surrounds each myofibril
- stores & releases calcium (needed for muscle
contraction)
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3d
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1. The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
- to contract, skeletal muscle cells must be stimulated by
nerve impulses
- Motor unit - one neuron & all the skeletal muscle cells it
stimulates
- Neuromuscular junction - where a neuron meets a muscle
cell
- Synaptic cleft - gap between a neuron & muscle cell
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.4a
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.4b
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.5a
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.5b
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- a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine or ACh is released
due to a nerve impulse
- Sarcolemma becomes more permeable to sodium ions Na+
- more Na+ enters the cell than K+ leaves the cell creating an
action potential resulting in a muscle contraction
- sodium-potassium pump (an active transport mechanism)
moves Na+ & K+ ions back to their initial positions
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Figure 6.5c
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Figure 6.6
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2. The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
- the action potential stimulates the sarcolemma to
release Ca++
- Ca++ ions trigger the binding of myosin to actin
initiating filament sliding causing the muscle to
shorten
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The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.7a–b
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8a
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8b
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8c
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B. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
1. Graded Responses
- muscle fiber/cell contraction is “all-or-none” &
does not apply to the entire muscle which react
to stimuli with graded responses or different
degrees of shortening
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a. Muscle Response to Increasingly Rapid Stimulation
- muscle twitch - single brief contraction/not normal
- tetanus- summing of contractions/one
contraction is immediately followed by another
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9a
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9b
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9c
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9d
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b. Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
- muscle contraction force depends on # of fibers
stimulated – can be a slight or vigorous
contraction
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2. Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
- ATP is needed to power contraction & only 4-6
seconds worth of ATP is stored in the muscles,
after which time other pathways produce ATP
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
a. Creatine Phosphate (CP) – high energy molecule
- CP interacts with ADP to create one ATP
molecule
- CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15
seconds
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.10a
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
b. Aerobic Respiration
- glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide/CO2
& water/H2O, releasing energy – ATP (36 ATP
per 1 glucose molecule)
- requires a continuous supply of oxygen
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.10b
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
c. Anaerobic Glycolosis & Lactic Acid Fermentation
- reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen
- 2 ATP per 1 glucose
- byproduct is lactic acid which promotes muscle
fatigue & soreness
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.10c
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3. Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
- Muscle fatigue - when a muscle can no longer
contract
- fatigue is the result of oxygen deficit
- oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic
acid
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4. Types of Muscle Contractions
a. Isotonic contractions – muscle
shortens/movement occurs
b. Isometric contractions – muscle doesn’t
shorten/movement doesn’t occur
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5. Muscle Tone
- some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed
muscle
- muscle remains firm, healthy & ready for action
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6. Effect of Exercise on Muscles
- exercise increases muscle size, strength &
endurance
a. Aerobic or endurance exercise creates
stronger muscles with greater resistance to
fatigue
b. Resistance or isometric exercise increases
muscle size & strength
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Effect of Exercise on Muscles
Figure 6.11
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Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity
Table 6.2
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IV. Muscles and Body Movements
A. Types of Body Movements
- every skeletal muscle is attached to bone or
other connective tissue at no fewer than 2 points
- Origin is attached to the immovable or less
movable bone
- Insertion is attachment to a moveable bone
- the insertion moves towards the origin
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Muscles and Body Movements
Figure 6.12
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Flexion
 Decreases the angle of the joint
 Brings two bones closer together
 Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
 Extension
 Opposite of flexion
 Increases angle between two bones
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13a
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13b
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Rotation
 Movement of a bone around its longitudinal
axis
 Common in ball-and-socket joints
 Example is when you move atlas around the
dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13c
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Abduction
 Movement of a limb away from the midline
 Adduction
 Opposite of abduction
 Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Circumduction
 Combination of flexion, extension, abduction,
and adduction
 Common in ball-and-socket joints
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Special Movements
 Dorsiflexion
 Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
approaches the shin
 Plantar flexion
 Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13e
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Special Movements
 Inversion
 Turn sole of foot medially
 Eversion
 Turn sole of foot laterally
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13f
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Special Movements
 Supination
 Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces
anteriorly
 Pronation
 Forearm rotates medially so palm faces
posteriorly
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13g
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Special Movements
 Opposition
 Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers
on the same hand
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13h
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B. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
 Prime mover—muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
 Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a
prime mover
 Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a
movement
 Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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C. Naming Skeletal Muscles
1. By direction of muscle fibers
 Example: Rectus (straight)
2. By relative size of the muscle
 Example: Maximus (largest)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
3. By location of the muscle
 Example: Frontalis (covers frontal bone)
4. By number of origins
 Example: Biceps (two heads)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
5. By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
 Example: Sternocleidomastoid (on the
sternum/clavicle & mastoid process)
6. By shape of the muscle
 Example: Deltoid (triangular)
7. By action of the muscle
 Example: adductor group muscles cause the
thigh to adduct – bring back)
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*Identify the naming of skeletal muscles
1. Occipitalis
2. Flexor Carpi
3. Rectus Abdominis
4. External Obliques
5. Sternocleidomastoid
6. Trapezius
7. Triceps Brachii
8. Gluteus Minimus
9. Adductor Longus
10. Brachialis
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V. Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
A. Head & Neck Muscles
1. Facial Muscles
* Frontalis – covers the frontal bone
- raises eyebrows
* Occipitalis – covers occipital bone
- pulls scalp posteriorly
* Orbicularis oculi – circles the eyes
- closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks
* Orbicularis oris – circles the mouth
- closes mouth and protrudes the lips/”kissing” muscle
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* Buccinator – runs horizontally across cheeks
- flattens the cheek to aid in chewing
* Zygomaticus – from corner of mouth to zygomatic
bone
- raises corners of the mouth/”smiling” muscle
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2. Chewing muscles
* Masseter – from zygomatic process to the mandible
- closes jaw by elevating mandible
- prime mover in chewing
* Temporalis – fan-shaped muscle overlying temporal
bone
- acts as a synergist to the masseter in closing the jaw
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3. Neck Muscles
* Platysma – single sheetlike muscle/covers
anterolateral neck
- pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly/frown
* Sternocleidomastoid – on each side of neck
- flexes the neck & rotates the head
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Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.15
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B. Trunk Muscles
1. Anterior muscles
* Pectoralis major – fan-shaped/covering upper part of
chest
- adducts & flexes the arm
* Intercostals – deep muscles found between the ribs
- External intercostals - raise rib cage during inhalation
- Internal intercostals - depress the rib cage to move air
out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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* Rectus abdominis – from pubis to rib cage
enclosed in an aponeuroses
- flexes vertebral column and compresses
abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced
breathing)
* External Obliques – makes up lateral walls of
abdomen
- flex vertebral column; rotate trunk & bend it
laterally
* Internal Obliques – deep to the external obliques
* Transversus abdominis – deepest muscle of
abdomen – fibers run horizontally
- compresses abdominal contents
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16b
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2. Posterior Muscles
* Trapezius – posterior neck & upper trunk
- extends the head/elevates, depresses, adducts, and
stabilizes the scapula
* Latissimus dorsi – covers the lower back
- extends and adducts the humerus (swimming, climbing, &
rowing)
* Erector spinae – 3 paired muscles deep in the back
- back extension
* Quadratus lumborum – forms part of posterior ab wall
- flexes the spine laterally
* Deltoid – forms rounded shape of shoulder
- arm abduction
- common site for intramuscular injections
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17b
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C. Muscles of the Upper Limb
1. Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm
* Biceps Brachii – anterior upper arm
- flexes elbow & supinates forearm
* Brachialis – deep to the biceps
- flexes elbow
* Triceps Brachii – posterior upper arm
- extends elbow (antagonist to biceps brachii) “boxer’s muscle
* Flexor/Extensor Carpi – forearm –(radialis and ulnaris)
- flexes & extends wrist
* Flexor/Extensor Digitorum – forearm
- flexes & extends digits/fingers
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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D. Muscles of the Lower Limb
1. Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
* Gluteus Maximus – flesh of buttocks/superficial
- hip extension
* Gluteus Medius – mostly deep to the maximus
- hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
- common site for intramuscular injections
* Iliopsoas – deep in pelvis
- hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward
when standing erect
- composed of two muscles – iliacus & psoas major
* Adductor muscles – medial thigh
- adduct thigh
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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2. Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
* Hamstring Group – posterior thigh
- thigh extension and knee flexion
* Sartorius – runs obliquely across the anterior
thigh/superficial
- thigh flexion/”tailor’s” muscle
* Quadriceps Group – anterior thigh
- knee extension
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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3. Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot
* Tibialis Anterior – anterior leg
- dorsiflexes & inverts the foot
*Extensor Digitorum Longus – lateral to the tibialis
anterior
- extends toes & dorsiflexes foot
* Fibularis Muscles – lateral leg
- plantar flexes & everts foot
* Gastrocnemius – posterior leg
- plantar flexes foot/”toe dancer’s” muscle/prime mover
- calcaneal or Achilles tendon
* Soleus – deep to the gastrocnemius
- plantar flexes foot/synergist
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20a
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20b
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.21
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.22
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (1 of 3)
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (2 of 3)
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (3 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (1 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (2 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (3 of 3)
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Intramuscular Injection Sites
Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d
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Antagonist Groups
1. Zygomaticus vs. Platysma
- smiling vs. frowning
2. Left Oblique vs. Right Oblique
- left lateral bending vs. right lateral bending
3. External Intercostals vs. Internal Intercostals
- raising rib cage vs. depressing rib cage
4. Biceps Brachii vs. Triceps Brachii
- flexing forearm vs. extending forearm
5. Quadriceps vs. Hamstrings
- extending knee vs. flexing knee
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Antagonists Groups
6. Gluteus Maximus vs. iliopsoas
- extending hip vs. flexing hip
7. Flexor Carpi vs. Extensor Carpi
- flexing wrist vs. extending wrist
8. Flexor Digitorum vs. Extensor Digitorum
- flexing fingers vs. extending fingers
9. Rectus Abdominis vs. Erector Spinae
- flexing vertebral column vs. extending vertebral column
10. Tibialis Anterior vs. Gastrocnemius
- dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
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Muscular System Disorders/Diseases
A. Muscular Dystrophy
-genetic muscle-destroying disease that
effects muscle groups
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) – severe form
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) – milder form
B. Myasthenia Gravis
- shortage of acetylcholine receptors
- generalized muscle weakness &
fatigability
-an autoimmune disorder
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