Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Embryonic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetic clock wikipedia , lookup
Stem-cell therapy wikipedia , lookup
Hematopoietic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Nerve guidance conduit wikipedia , lookup
Chimera (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 3 – Part 3 Tissues Body Tissues • Tissues – Groups of cells with similar structure and function – 4 primary types: • • • • Epithelium Connective Nervous Muscle Epithelial Tissues • Found in different areas: – Body Coverings – Body Linings – Glandular Tissue • Functions: – – – – Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion Epithelial Tissues • Epithelium Characteristics: – Cells fit closely together – Have no blood supply of their own Classification of Epithelium • Number of Cell Layers: – Simple = one layer – Stratified = more than one layer • Shape of Cells: – Squamous = flattened – Cuboidal = cube shaped – Columnar = column like Classification of Epithelium Connective Tissue • Includes the most abundant tissues • Functions: – Binds body tissues together – Supports the body – Provides protection Connective Tissue • Extracellular Matrix: – Non-living material that surrounds living cells – Two main elements: • Ground substance = mostly water along with proteins and polysaccharides • Fibers Muscle Tissue • Function is to produce movement • Three types: – Skeletal Muscle – Cardiac Muscle – Smooth Muscle Nervous Tissue • Comprised of neurons and nerve support cells • Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body Tissue Repair • Regeneration – Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells • Fibrosis – Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) Events in Tissue Repair • Capillaries become very permeable • Regeneration of surface epithelium Regeneration of Tissues • Tissues that regenerate easily: – Epithelial – Fibrous Connective – Bone • Tissues that regenerate poorly: – Skeletal Muscle • Tissues that are replace largely with scar tissue: – Cardiac Muscle – Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord Developmental Aspects of Tissues • With old age there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues. Developmental Aspects of Tissues • Some cells lose their ability to divide when they are fully mature. – This is called AMITOTIC – For example: heart muscle and nervous tissue – However, if these tissues are injured, the lost cells cannot be replaced by the same type of cells but by scar tissue. • If a cell multiplies wildly, the abnormal cell mass is known as NEOPLASM. – May be benign or malignant (cancerous) Simple Epithelium • Simple Squamous – GD: Single layer of flat cells – Location: Lines body cavities – Location: Lines lungs and capillaries Simple Epithelium • Simple Cuboidal – GD: Single layer of cube-like cells – Location: Covers the ovaries Simple Epithelium • Simple Columnar – GD: Single layer of tall cells – GD: Includes GOBLET CELLS – produce mucus for secretion – Location: Lines the digestive tract Simple Epithelium • Pseudostratified – GD: Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others – Location: Found in the respiratory tract – has cilia Stratified Epithelium • Stratified Squamous – GD: Several layers of flat cells – Location: • Skin • Mouth • Esophagus Stratified Epithelium • Transitional Epithelium – GD: Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching – Location: Lines organs of the urinary system to help stretch the bladder Glandular Epithelium • Gland = one or more cells that secretes a particular product • Two major gland types: – Endocrine Glands • Ductless • Secretions hormones directly into the blood – Exocrine Glands • Have ducts • Include sweat and oil glands Connective Tissue Types • Dense Connective – Made up of collagen fibers – Examples: tendons and ligaments Connective Tissue Types • Adipose – Made of areolar tissue with fat globules – Functions: • Insulates the body • Protects organs • Serves as a site of fuel storage Connective Tissue Types • Areolar – Most widely distributed connective tissue – Soft tissue – Contains all fiber types Connective Tissue Types • Hyaline Cartilage – Most common cartilage – Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Connective Tissue Types • Elastic Cartilage – Made of elastic fibers – Provides elasticity – Example: supports the external ear Connective Tissue Types • Fibrocartilage – Highly compressible – Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Connective Tissue Types • Bone – Composed of a hard matrix of calcium salts – Used to protect and support the body Connective Tissue Types • Blood – Blood cells are surrounded by fluid matrix – Functions as the transport vehicle for materials Connective Tissue Types • Reticular – Delicate network of interwoven fibers – Forms internal support for the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow Muscle Tissue Types • Skeletal Muscle – GD: Can be controlled voluntarily – GD: Cells are striated – GD: Cells have more than one nucleus – Location: Attached to the bones – Function: Movement Muscle Tissue Types • Smooth Muscle – GD: Involuntary – GD: No visible striations – GD: One nucleus per cell – Location: Surrounds hollow organs – Function: movement Muscle Tissue Types Cardiac Muscle – GD: Cells are striated – GD: One nucleus per cell – GD: Involuntary – Location: ONLY in the HEART – Function: pump blood