Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Integumentary System Chapter 32.3 Functions • Barrier for infection and injury • regulate body temperature • remove wastes • protect from UV light • Makes vitamin D Skin Cells • Epithelial cells • divide and grow rapidly • Melanin = pigments in your skin, coloring Integumentary System Organs • Skin – largest organ in the body – 2 layers; top = epidermis, bottom = dermis – several sensory receptors Epidermis • Outer layer of the skin • outside = dead cells inside = living cells • outer layer completely replaces every 4 - 6 weeks • no blood vessels (small scratches don’t bleed) Dermis • Contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, sensory receptors, muscle, and hair follicles • helps in waste removal and body temperature regulation Integumentary System Organs • Glands: – Sweat Glands = control body temperature – Oil Glands = keeps skin flexible and waterproof Integumentary System Organs • Toe and Fingernails – plates of dead skin cells – grow as cells multiply – protection – average growth rate = 3mm/month – fingernails grow 3x’s faster than toenails Integumentary System Organs • Hair: – stacks of dead skin cells – grow from a hair follicle – grow longer as cells multiply – in close contact with oil glands – protection from UV light – insulation from the cold Dandruff • Flaking of the scalp/dry skin • caused by a fungus that feeds on oil • treated with special shampoos Dermatitis (Eczema) • Redness, itching, and swelling of the skin • caused by allergies (poison ivy), genetic, stress • not contagious or life threatening Acne • Oil and dead skin cells plug hair follicles • Inflammatory response caused by infection. Moles • Clumps of melanin • average 10 - 40 moles per person • monitor for color and size changes (cancer) Skin Cancer • Overexposure of skin cells to UV light • skin cells die rapidly and must be replaced quickly -- cancer • Prevention = SPF of at least 15, protective clothing, indoors during peak hours The Skeletal System Chapter 32.1 Functions • Support for the body • Attachment sites for muscles • Protection of internal organs • production of blood cells Osteocytes • Bone cells • build and maintain bones The Human Skeleton • 206 bones • Axial Skeleton = skull , vertebrae, and ribs • Appendicular Skeleton = arms, legs, pelvis, shoulders Bone Structure • Periosteum: outer layer, blood vessels • Compact Bone: solid/hard, nerves and blood vessels run through it • Haversian Canals: tubes for blood vessels and nerves within the bone Bone Structure • Spongy Bone: in the middle and ends of bones, gives bone strength • Bone Marrow: in center of bone, produces red and white blood cells Cartilage • Connective tissue…not bone • no blood vessels • very flexible • not as hard as bone • in our ears, nose, vertebral column, growth plates, ribs Ossification • How bones are formed • when cartilage is replaced by bone (before birth) • calcium and other minerals used to form bone Joints • Where two bones meet • Fixed = skull • Slightly Moveable = vertebrae and ribs (cartilage) • Freely Moveable = hips, knee, shoulder Ligaments and Tendons • Ligaments = connect bones to bones • Tendons = connect muscle to bones Synovial Fluid • A thin film covering the bones in a joint • bones can slide past each other easily • acts as a shock absorber in the knee Broken Bones • Many types and severities (hairline to compound) • casted 3 - 6 weeks • shattering requires pins Dislocation • Bone comes out of joint • stretches the ligaments (weakens) • Physical Therapy or surgery required to repair ligaments Tendinitis • Irritated tendon makes movement painful • caused by overuse (swimmers) • Achilles heel and shoulder are the most common • Loss of calcium • bones are more fragile • wrist, hip, and spine fractures are common • drink milk or take vitamin D and calcium Osteoporosis Muscular System Chapter 32.2 Functions • Gives the body the ability to move • regulates blood pressure • helps in digestion 3 Types of Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth Skeletal Muscle • attached to bone • voluntary movements of arms and legs • light and dark bands/striations • controlled by the nervous system Cardiac Muscle • • • • heart muscles striations very small cells not under direct control of the central nervous system • maintain a regular heart beat Smooth Muscle • internal organ muscle (stomach, blood vessels, intestine) • not under voluntary control • no striations • blink eyes, move food, circulate blood Muscles and Movement • Muscles work in pairs • one pushes and one pulls • Bicep = flex or pull • Tricep = extends or pushes Exercise • Aerobic = running, cycling, swimming = endurance • Resistance = weight lifting, calistenics = muscle size, coordination Pulled or Strained Muscles • Tear in the muscle • caused by not stretching, overloading muscles, or moving muscles too fast • treatment = RICE Muscular Dystrophy • Genetic mutation on the X chromosome • seen mostly in young boys • progressive weakening of the muscles Cardiomyopathy • Disease of the heart muscle • heart can’t pump blood, irregular heart beat • leading reason for getting a heart transplant