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Integumentary System
Chapter 32.3
Functions
• Barrier for
infection and
injury
• regulate body
temperature
• remove wastes
• protect from UV
light
• Makes vitamin D
Skin Cells
• Epithelial cells
• divide and grow
rapidly
• Melanin =
pigments in your
skin, coloring
Integumentary System Organs
• Skin
– largest organ in the body
– 2 layers; top = epidermis, bottom = dermis
– several sensory receptors
Epidermis
• Outer layer of the skin
• outside = dead cells
inside = living cells
• outer layer completely
replaces every 4 - 6
weeks
• no blood vessels (small
scratches don’t bleed)
Dermis
• Contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, sensory
receptors, muscle, and hair follicles
• helps in waste removal and body temperature
regulation
Integumentary System
Organs
• Glands:
– Sweat Glands =
control body
temperature
– Oil Glands = keeps
skin flexible and
waterproof
Integumentary
System Organs
• Toe and Fingernails
– plates of dead skin
cells
– grow as cells multiply
– protection
– average growth rate =
3mm/month
– fingernails grow 3x’s
faster than toenails
Integumentary System
Organs
• Hair:
– stacks of dead skin cells
– grow from a hair follicle
– grow longer as cells
multiply
– in close contact with oil
glands
– protection from UV light
– insulation from the cold
Dandruff
• Flaking of the
scalp/dry skin
• caused by a
fungus that
feeds on oil
• treated with
special shampoos
Dermatitis (Eczema)
• Redness, itching,
and swelling of the
skin
• caused by allergies
(poison ivy),
genetic, stress
• not contagious or
life threatening
Acne
• Oil and dead skin cells
plug hair follicles
• Inflammatory response
caused by infection.
Moles
• Clumps of melanin
• average 10 - 40
moles per person
• monitor for color and
size changes
(cancer)
Skin Cancer
• Overexposure of skin
cells to UV light
• skin cells die rapidly
and must be replaced
quickly -- cancer
• Prevention = SPF of at
least 15, protective
clothing, indoors
during peak hours
The Skeletal
System
Chapter 32.1
Functions
• Support for the
body
• Attachment
sites for
muscles
• Protection of
internal organs
• production of
blood cells
Osteocytes
• Bone cells
• build and
maintain bones
The Human Skeleton
• 206 bones
• Axial Skeleton =
skull ,
vertebrae, and
ribs
• Appendicular
Skeleton = arms,
legs, pelvis,
shoulders
Bone Structure
• Periosteum: outer layer, blood vessels
• Compact Bone: solid/hard, nerves and
blood vessels run through it
• Haversian Canals: tubes for blood vessels
and nerves within the bone
Bone Structure
• Spongy Bone: in the middle and ends
of bones, gives bone strength
• Bone Marrow: in center of bone,
produces red and white blood cells
Cartilage
• Connective
tissue…not bone
• no blood vessels
• very flexible
• not as hard as
bone
• in our ears, nose,
vertebral column,
growth plates,
ribs
Ossification
• How bones are
formed
• when cartilage is
replaced by bone
(before birth)
• calcium and other
minerals used to
form bone
Joints
• Where two bones
meet
• Fixed = skull
• Slightly Moveable =
vertebrae and ribs
(cartilage)
• Freely Moveable =
hips, knee, shoulder
Ligaments and Tendons
• Ligaments =
connect bones
to bones
• Tendons =
connect muscle
to bones
Synovial Fluid
• A thin film covering
the bones in a joint
• bones can slide past
each other easily
• acts as a shock
absorber in the
knee
Broken Bones
• Many types and
severities
(hairline to
compound)
• casted 3 - 6
weeks
• shattering
requires pins
Dislocation
• Bone comes out of
joint
• stretches the
ligaments (weakens)
• Physical Therapy or
surgery required to
repair ligaments
Tendinitis
• Irritated tendon
makes movement
painful
• caused by overuse
(swimmers)
• Achilles heel and
shoulder are the
most common
• Loss of calcium
• bones are more
fragile
• wrist, hip, and
spine fractures
are common
• drink milk or take
vitamin D and
calcium
Osteoporosis
Muscular System
Chapter 32.2
Functions
• Gives the body
the ability to
move
• regulates
blood pressure
• helps in
digestion
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
• attached to bone
• voluntary movements
of arms and legs
• light and dark
bands/striations
• controlled by the
nervous system
Cardiac Muscle
•
•
•
•
heart muscles
striations
very small cells
not under direct
control of the
central nervous
system
• maintain a regular
heart beat
Smooth Muscle
• internal organ muscle
(stomach, blood
vessels, intestine)
• not under voluntary
control
• no striations
• blink eyes, move food,
circulate blood
Muscles and Movement
• Muscles work in
pairs
• one pushes and one
pulls
• Bicep = flex or pull
• Tricep = extends or
pushes
Exercise
• Aerobic = running,
cycling, swimming =
endurance
• Resistance = weight
lifting, calistenics =
muscle size,
coordination
Pulled or Strained Muscles
• Tear in the muscle
• caused by not
stretching,
overloading
muscles, or moving
muscles too fast
• treatment = RICE
Muscular Dystrophy
• Genetic mutation on the
X chromosome
• seen mostly in young
boys
• progressive weakening of
the muscles
Cardiomyopathy
• Disease of the heart muscle
• heart can’t pump blood, irregular heart beat
• leading reason for getting a heart transplant