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Aim: Locomotion Regents Biology Animal Movement What are the advantages of being mobile? sessile Regents Biology mobile Lots of ways to get around… Regents Biology Lots of ways to get around… mollusk mammal bird reptile Regents Biology Lots of ways to get around… bird insect mammal bird Regents Biology Functions of Muscular/Skeletal Support Protection Making blood cells Shape Movement Regents Biology Muscles involuntary, contract on their own voluntary involuntary Regents Biology evolved first Muscles movement Muscles do work by contracting skeletal muscles come in antagonistic pairs flexor vs. extensor contracting = shortening move skeletal parts Regents Biology Regents Biology Muscles movement 1) Tendons connect bone to muscle Regents Biology 2) Ligaments connect bone to bone Cartilage Protein fibers of elastin and collagen No blood vessels (relies on diffusion) Flexible, in between joints Cartilage turns to bone through ossification Regents Biology Fast twitch & slow twitch muscles Slow twitch muscle fibers contract slowly, but keep going for a long time more mitochondria for aerobic respiration long distance runner “dark” meat = more blood vessels Regents Biology Fast twitch muscle fibers contract quickly, but get tired rapidly sprinter “white” meat Regents Biology Muscle limits Muscle fatigue low O2 lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with protein function nerve fatigue Muscle cramps build up of lactic acid lack of energy (ATP) ion imbalance Regents Biology Botox Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin blocks release of nerve transmitter muscle Regents Biology Skeletal System Contains 206 bones 2 main parts: Axial & Appendicular Skelton Axial •skull, vertebrae, ribs, & breastbone Appendicular •Arms & leg bones •Pelvic & Shoulder Girdle Regents Biology Types of Joints Ball & Socket •Shoulder & hips •Allow movement in ALL directions ball & socket Hinge •Elbow and knee •Back-and-forth motion Pivot •Base of skull •Allow side-to-side as well as up-down motion Regents Biology hinge pivot Regents Biology Diseases associated with Locomotion ALS Lou Gehrig’s disease motor neurons degenerate Myasthenia gravis auto-immune antibodies to nerve transmitter chemical Regents Biology Stephen Hawking