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CHAPTER 15 MUSCULAR SYSTEM Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1 Chapter 15 Learning Objectives Define at least 10 terms relating to the muscular system. Describe the six functions of the muscular system. Identify at least 10 structures of the muscular system, and explain the function of each. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2 Chapter 15 Learning Objectives Describe at least three methods of assessment of the muscular system. Describe at least five disorders of the muscular system. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3 Structure and Function Functions of the muscular system Aid in movement Provide and maintain posture Protect internal organs Provide movement of blood, food, and waste products through the body Open and close body openings Produce heat Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4 Common Muscle Groups FIGURE 15-2 Common muscle groups. A, Front view. (From Sorrentino S: Mosby’s textbook for nursing assistants, ed 7, St. Louis, 2008, Mosby.) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5 Common Muscle Groups FIGURE 15-2 Common muscle groups. B, Back view. (From Sorrentino S: Mosby’s textbook for nursing assistants, ed 7, St. Louis, 2008, Mosby.) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 6 Types of Muscle Tissue Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 7 Unique Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Irritability or excitability Contractility Ability to shorten forcefully when stimulated Extensibility Muscle’s ability to respond to a stimulus Ability to stretch and lengthen Elasticity Ability to recoil to its resting length when relaxed Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8 Skeletal Muscle Makes up more than 40% of a person’s body weight Looks striated, or banded, under the microscope Skeletal muscles have three parts: Origin is one end of the muscle, attached to the less movable part of the bone. Insertion is the other end of the muscle, attached to the more movable part of the bone. The action, or body, is the thick middle part of the muscle. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9 Parts Of A Muscle FIGURE 15-4 Parts of a muscle. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10 Skeletal Muscle Movement FIGURE 15-5 Skeletal muscle movement. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11 Types of Muscle Movement FIGURE 15-6 Types of muscle movement. A, Flexion and extension. B, Rotation. C, Abduction and adduction. D, Pronation and supination. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12 Visceral Muscle Lines various hollow organs Makes up the walls of blood vessels Found in the tubes of the digestive system Smooth and has no striations Controlled by the autonomic nervous system Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13 Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated muscle Under involuntary control Has specialized cells that provide a stimulus for contraction Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14 Muscle Contraction Isotonic contraction is muscle shortening that produces movement. Muscle tone, or tonus, is a state of partial contraction that maintains a person’s posture. Isometric contraction does not cause muscle shortening or movement. A twitch is a quick, jerky contraction of a whole muscle from one stimulus. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15 Muscle Contraction Tetanic contraction is more sustained than a twitch. Fibrillation is uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers. Convulsions are contractions of groups of muscles in an abnormal manner. Spasms are involuntary, sudden, and prolonged contractions. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16 Assessment Techniques Reflex tests Joint motion measured using a protractor Measures enzymes Electromyography Range of joint motion Blood tests Assesses neurologic functioning Tests muscles through needles inserted into the muscle Muscle biopsy Used to assess for tissue disorders Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17 Disorders of the Muscular System Back pain From weakened muscles around the spine in the lower back Contracture Condition in which muscles remain contracted as a joint loses flexibility and ligaments and tendons shorten Viral infection that results in paralysis of muscles Muscle cramp Sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, producing pain Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18 Disorders of the Muscular System Muscular dystrophy Fibromyalgia Group of genetic diseases involving painless, gradual atrophy of muscle tissue Group of muscle disorders affecting the tendons, ligaments, and other fibrous tissues Gangrene Caused by Clostridium bacteria that kill muscle tissue Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19 Disorders of the Muscular System Hernia Myasthenia gravis Abnormal protrusion of a body part into another body area Condition in which nerve impulses are not transmitted normally from the brain to the muscles Poliomyelitis Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20 Disorders of the Muscular System Muscle sprain Muscle strain Traumatic injury to the tendons, muscles, or ligaments of a joint Torn or stretched tendons and muscles, causing pain Pes planus Also called flatfoot or fallen arches, may be congenital or result from weakened foot muscles Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21 Disorders of the Muscular System Tetanus Commonly called lockjaw, is caused by a bacterial infection Trichinosis Parasitic infection caused by eating undercooked pork Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22 Issues and Innovations Sports medicine Treats sports injuries Directs healthful development and training of athletes Addresses biomechanics Offers novel treatments • Ultrasound • Electric stimulation • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23 Issues and Innovations Fitness fads Importance of regular exercise for good health • Feeling better • Having less stress Exercise obsession • Increase in number of health clubs and spas • Dependence on “high” of exercise Endorphins are released while exercising. Person addicted to exercise feels withdrawal symptoms. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24 Summary Functions of the muscular system Movement Posture Protection of internal organs Transport of blood Producing heat Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25 Summary Structures of the muscular system Skeletal muscles • Biceps • Triceps • Quadriceps • Deltoid • Masseter • Gracilis Visceral muscle Cardiac muscle Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26 Summary Methods of assessment of the muscular system Inspection Electromyography Blood and reflex tests Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27 Summary Disorders of the muscular system Contractures Cramps Dystrophy Poliomyelitis Gangrene Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28
