Download Skeletal System

Skeletal System
Functions of the skeletal system
 Framework
 Support/protect internal organs
 Body movement

Provides leverage for lifting and movement
through the attachment of muscles
 Produced blood cells

Red blood cells and some white blood cells
 Stores the majority of the body’s calcium
supply
Accessory Structures
 Cartilage:

On end surfaces to prevent friction
 Ligaments

Attaches bone to bone
 Tendons

Attaches muscle to bone
Axial skeleton
 Consists of
 Skull
 Spinal column
 Ribs
 sternum
Appendicular skeleton




Upper extremities
Shoulder girdle
Lower extremities
Pelvic girdle
Four groups of bone
 Long
 Length is greater than
the width
 Femur
 Short
 Blocky bones
 Similar length/width
 Wrist (carpal) and
ankle (tarsal ) bones
Four groups of bone
 Flat
 Composed of two
layers with spongy
bone between them
 scapula and skull
 Irregular
 Bones of complex
shape and structure
 Facial and vertebrae
bones
Bones of the Skull
 Cranium: encloses the
brain (skull)




Frontal
 forehead
Parietal
 Roof and upper
sides of cranium
Occipital
 Posterior floor and
walls of cranium
Temporal
 Sides and base of
cranium
Bones of the Skull
 Mandible
 Lower jaw bone
 Only moveable bone
 Maxilla
 Upper jaw bone
Thorax
 Rib cage
 Ribs
 Sternum
 Thoracic vertebra
 True ribs
 Attached to sternum
 False ribs
 Attached to ribs above
 Floating ribs
 Attached to vertebrae
only
Spinal Column
 Vertebral column
 26 vertebrae

Types of vertebrae

Cervical
 neck

Thoracic
 Chest

Lumbar
 Lower back
 Largest and
strongest
Spinal Column
 Sacrum
 Triangular shaped
 Base of spine
 Coccyx
 Tail bone
 End of spine
Structures of the
Long Bone
Bone Tissue
 Compact bone
 Hard dense part of
bone
 Cancellous
 Loosely packed or
spongy
Structures of bones
Long Bone
 Diaphysis
 Long shaft of bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of long bone
 Medullary canal
 Cavity w/in diaphysis
 Contains either yellow
or red marrow
Structures of bones
 Tissues of a bone
Periosteum



Outer covering of
bone
Layer promote bone
growth (ossification)
nutrition, and repair
Endosteum

Lines medullary
canal
Structures of bones
 Bone marrow
 Red bone marrow
 Manufactures RBCs
& WBCs
 Ribs, sternum,
vertebrae, scapula,
ends of long bones
 Yellow bone marrow
 Functions as fat
storage
Blood cells
 Erythrocytes
 Carry O2 and CO2
 Leukocytes
 Fight infection
 Thrombocytes
 clotting
Joints
Articulation and Movement
Joints
 Two or more bones join together
 Three types of joints:

Immovable (synarthrosis)


Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)


Cranium
Pelvis
Freely movable (diarthrosis)
Freely Moveable Joints
 Freely movable (Synovial) joints of the body

Pivot joint
 Allow rotation on single axis
 Base of skull

Ball and socket
 wide range of movement in many directions
 Hips and shoulders
Hinge joints
 Allows movement in one direction or plane (bend and
straighten)
 Knees and elbows

Freely Moveable Joints
 Saddle joint
 Convex and
concave
surface fit
together
 thumb
 Gliding joint
 Two surfaces
meet with
motion limited
by tissues and
ligaments
 Wrist and
ankle
Synovial fluid
 Lubrication for joints
smooth movement of
joints
 Acts as shock absorber
 Meniscus



Fluid-filled disc
Reduces friction
 Bursa


Sac lined with synovial
membrane
Reduces friction
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
Disorders of the Skeletal System
 Osteomyelitis
Severe inflammation of
bone and bone marrow,
resulting form bacterial
infection
 Osteoporosis
 Bones that have calcium
and phosphorous
deficiencies
 Bones are very porous
and fracture easily
 Occurs in women as they
age due to estrogen and
other hormonal and
mineral deficiencies

Disorders of the Skeletal System
 Arthritis
Inflammation of the
joint
 Bursitis
 Inflammation of the
bursa

Disorders of the Skeletal System
 Gout

Accumulation of uric
acid crystals in a joint
 Dislocation

Separation of a joint
and the malposition of
an extremity
 Sprain

Injury to the soft
tissues of a joint,
characterized by the
inability to move,
deformity, and pain
Fractures
Fractures
 Greenstick fracture
 Incomplete break that
occurs almost
exclusively in children
 Incomplete fracture
 Fracture lines does not
extend through bone
or disrupt the entire
thickness of bone
 Complete fracture
 Fracture lines goes all
the way through bone
Fractures
 Comminuted fractures
 Bone broken in several
places and splinters of
bone can be
embedded in
surrounding tissue
Fractures
 Compression fracture
 Bone collapses due to
disruption of bone
tissue
 Usually in vertebrae
Fractures
 Compound:
 Causes disruption of
skin and soft tissue
 Fragment of bone
punctures skin
 Often complicated by
infection
Fracture treatment-Reduction
 Manipulation to restore correct anatomical
position
Fracture treatment-Reduction

Open reduction
 surgical incision to
expose fracture site
 Bone realigned and
position with
internal fixation
(rods, plates,
screws)

Closed reduction
 Local or general
anesthesia may be
used
 Manipulate bone
back into normal
position
Fracture treatment-Immobilization

Immobilization with a
cast or splint
 Alleviates muscle
spasm around
fracture site
Fracture Treatment-Traction
 Pin inserted through
distal bone fragment
and pulling forces helps
return overriding
fragments to normal
anatomical position
 Used until healing takes
place or
 Until internal fixation
can be performed
The End