Download Bones and Muscles Notes

Skeletal and Muscular Systems
multicellular
Human beings are ________________________
organisms with many
cells
tissues
kinds of ______________
which make up many types of ___________
organs
which make up many types of ______________
which make up
several types of ____________
The main job of all
organ ______________.
systems
these groupings of cells is to provide all cells with basic needs such as
nutrients
oxygen
waste __________.
removal
________________,
_______________,
and ___________
The systems that make up the human body include ________________,
digestive
skeletal
muscular
circulatory
____________________,
_________________,
__________________,
respiratory
nervous
endocrine
____________________,
_________________,
__________________,
____________________,
________________,
and ________________.
lymphatic
excretory
reproductive
interact
These systems _________________
with each other.
The Skeletal System
bones
The skeletal system is a network of _______________
located throughout
the body.
A. Functions of the skeletal system
shape
support
1. Gives ________________
and _____________
to the body
2. Protection of ________________
internal ______________
organs
movement
3. Aids in _____________________
when used with the
muscles
__________________
that are attached to them and coordinated
by the _____________
nervous _______________.
system
*Locomotion is necessary for
danger
1. ________________escaping
_______________
2. _______________obtaining
________________
food
3. _______________obtaining
________________
shelter
reproducing
4. ________________________
4. The ________________
of bones produces __________
marrow
blood _______.
cells
Minerals
calcium
5. _________________
such as ______________
and
phosphorus
__________________
are stored in bones.
B. Structure of bone
206 in the human body. They are often
1. There are ________ bones
shape
classified according to their ______________.
femur
a. Long (__________________)
b. Flat (__________________)
scapula
c. Irregular (________________)
carpel, skull
phalanges
d. Short (______________________)
2. The outer surface of bones is covered with a membrane called the
periosteum
______________________.
Blood
vessels
a. ____________
____________
in this
membrane carry _______________
to the
nutrients
bone (which, by the way, is living tissue!!!!)
growth
a. It is also important for ____________
and
________________
of the bone.
repair
compact
3. Under the periosteum is the hard __________
bone which contains
bone _____________
cells
a. ___________
b. ___________
blood _____________
vessels
minerals
calcium
c. ______________
including ____________
phosphorus
and __________________.
ricketts
A lack of calcium and phosphorus causes the diseases _____________
and ________________________.
osteoporosis
Elastic
fibers
d. ______________
_______________
keep bones from
becoming too brittle or easily _______________.
broken
Spongy ________________
bone
e. ___________
is found
towards the ends of the bone. It contains
many small _________
__________
that make
open
spaces
the bone _____________________.
lightweight
f. The hollow part in the middle of ____________
long
bones contains _______________
which produces
marrow
_________
____________
____________
and __________
_________
red
blood
cells
white
blood
______________.
cells
g. The ends of bones are covered with a layer of __________________
cartilage
so that they do not rub together, but move smoothly.
It also provides a ____________________
cushion
between vertebrae and in joints, and gives
ears
structure to _______________
and
noses
_________________.
Bone tissue is made up of living cells!! It is always being ______________
built
broken down
Osteoblasts
and ________________________
by special bone cells. _________________
make new bone cells and ____________________________
break down
osteoclasts
calcium
bone cells to send ____________________
to other parts of the body for
chemical reactions.
3. A break in a bone is called a _________________
fracture
which can
X-ray
be seen by an ____________________
photograph. Fractures
can be _____________________
where the skin is not broken
simple
compoound
or ____________________
where the bone breaks through
the skin.
4. Types of joints (where bones _______________)
meet
rotates
a. Pivot – One bone _________________
in a ring of
another bone. Ex: ____________________________________
head/neck
cup
b. Ball-and-socket – The end of one bone fits into a ________
of
another bone. Ex: ___________
hip
and _____________________
shoulder
c. Hinge – Moves ____________
and ______________
like a door.
back
forth
elbows
knees
fingers
Ex: ______________,
_____________,
________________,
______________,
and ________________
toes
jaw
d. Gliding or sliding joint – one bone _____________
glides
over
wrist
ankle
another bone. Ex: ________________,
________________,
and _________________________.
vertebrae
e. Immovable joints – No movement!! Ex: _______________
and
skull
____________________
pelvis
5. Bones in joints are held together by ______________________.
ligaments
The Muscular System
move
organs
Muscles _________
body parts. They are ____________
that contract
and get _________________,
causing body parts to ______________.
shorter
move
60
There are over ___________
muscles in the human body.
0
A. Types of Muscles
control
1. Voluntary – Muscles that you _______________
consciously.
Ex: __________,
_____________,
______________
leg
arm
face
continuously
2. Involuntary – Muscles that work _____________________
without
heart
digestive
you thinking about it. Ex: ________________,
________________,
diaphragm
______________________
B. Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle – attached to _____________
bone
tendons
by ______________.
These muscles are
_________________
muscles. Ex: __________
voluntary
bicep
and ________________.
These work in
tricep
________
pairs to move bones in opposite directions.
* These muscles contract
quickly and tire easily.
2. Smooth muscle - _______________________
involuntary
muscles found
in the walls of the ________________,
___________________,
stomach
intestines
_________
______________,
and other organs. These muscles
blood
vessels
contract and relax slowly but don't often tire.
3. Cardiac muscle - ____________________
involuntary
muscle found only in
the ____________________.
heart
Review Questions:
1. What holds bones together in a joint? ____________________
ligaments
tendons
2. What attaches bones and muscles together? ______________________
cartilage
3. What cushions bones in joints? _____________________
marrow
4. What makes blood cells? _____________________
calcium
phosphorus
5. What minerals are in bone? ________________ and ________________
6. What is the membrane that covers bones and aids in healing?
periosteum
_______________________________
Maura goes out for track for a season and decreases her resting pulse rate
from 76 beats per minute to 66 beats per minute. How many beats per day
is she saving her heart by being in shape?
10 beats x 60 minutes x 24 hours =
minute
hour
day
14,400 beats per day!
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Human beings are ________________________ organisms with many
kinds of ______________ which make up many types of ___________
which make up many types of ______________ which make up
several types of ____________ ______________. The main job of all
these groupings of cells is to provide all cells with basic needs such as
________________, _______________, and ___________ __________.
The systems that make up the human body include ________________,
____________________, _________________, __________________,
____________________, _________________, __________________,
____________________, ________________, and ________________.
These systems _________________ with each other.
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system is a network of _______________ located throughout
the body.
A. Functions of the skeletal system
1. Gives ________________ and _____________ to the body
2. Protection of ________________ ______________
3. Aids in _____________________ when used with the
__________________ that are attached to them and coordinated
by the _____________ _______________.
*Locomotion is necessary for
1. _________________ _______________
2. _______________ ________________
3. _______________ ________________
4. ________________________
4. The ________________ of bones produces __________ _______.
5. _________________ such as ______________ and
__________________ are stored in bones.
B. Structure of bone
1. There are ________ bones in the human body. They are often
classified according to their ______________.
a. Long (__________________)
b. Flat (__________________)
c. Irregular (________________)
d. Short (______________________)
2. The outer surface of bones is covered with a membrane called the
______________________.
a. ____________ ____________ in this
membrane carry _______________ to the
bone (which, by the way, is living tissue!!!!)
a. It is also important for ____________ and
________________ of the bone.
3. Under the periosteum is the hard __________
bone which contains
a. ___________ _____________
b. ___________ _____________
c. ______________ including ____________
and __________________.
A lack of calcium and phosphorus causes the diseases _____________
and ________________________.
d. ______________ _______________ keep bones from
becoming too brittle or easily _______________.
e. ___________ ________________ is found
towards the ends of the bone. It contains
many small _________ __________ that make
the bone _____________________.
f. The hollow part in the middle of ____________
bones contains _______________ which produces
_________ ____________ ____________ and __________ _________
______________.
g. The ends of bones are covered with a layer of __________________
so that they do not rub together, but move smoothly.
It also provides a ____________________
between vertebrae and in joints, and gives
structure to _______________ and
_________________.
Bone tissue is made up of living cells!! It is always being ______________
and ________________________ by special bone cells. _________________
make new bone cells and ____________________________ break down
bone cells to send ____________________ to other parts of the body for
chemical reactions.
3. A break in a bone is called a _________________ which can
be seen by an ____________________ photograph. Fractures
can be _____________________ where the skin is not broken
or ____________________ where the bone breaks through
the skin.
4. Types of joints (where bones _______________)
a. Pivot – One bone _________________ in a ring of
another bone. Ex: ____________________________________
b. Ball-and-socket – The end of one bone fits into a ________ of
another bone. Ex: ___________ and _____________________
c. Hinge – Moves ____________ and ______________ like a door.
Ex: ______________, _____________, ________________,
______________, and ________________
d. Gliding or sliding joint – one bone _____________ over
another bone. Ex: ________________, ________________,
and _________________________.
e. Immovable joints – No movement!! Ex: _______________ and
____________________
5. Bones in joints are held together by ______________________.
The Muscular System
Muscles _________ body parts. They are ____________ that contract
and get _________________, causing body parts to ______________.
There are over ___________ muscles in the human body.
A. Types of Muscles
1. Voluntary – Muscles that you _______________ consciously.
Ex: __________, _____________, ______________
2. Involuntary – Muscles that work _____________________ without
you thinking about it. Ex: ________________, ________________,
______________________
B. Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle – attached to _____________
by ______________. These muscles are
_________________ muscles. Ex: __________
and ________________. These work in
________ to move bones in opposite directions.
* These muscles contract
quickly and tire easily.
2. Smooth muscle - _______________________ muscles found
in the walls of the ________________, ___________________,
_________ ______________, and other organs. These muscles
contract and relax slowly but don't often tire.
3. Cardiac muscle - ____________________ muscle found only in
the ____________________.
Review Questions:
1. What holds bones together in a joint? ____________________
2. What attaches bones and muscles together? ______________________
3. What cushions bones in joints? _____________________
4. What makes blood cells? _____________________
5. What minerals are in bone? ________________ and ________________
6. What is the membrane that covers bones and aids in healing?
_______________________________
Maura goes out for track for a season and decreases her resting pulse rate
from 76 beats per minute to 66 beats per minute. How many beats per day
is she saving her heart by being in shape?