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Anatomy – Skeletal System 5 major functions ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Shape and support Movement Protection Blood Production Storage • Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture. • Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way which allows movement. • Protection - Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc • • • • Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow found in many bones. RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin. WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body. Storage- add strength minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to When describing the body in anatomical terms, we describe the: ◦ FRONT of the body – ANTERIOR ◦ BACK of the body - POSTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Where bones meet they form JOINTS. The movement of the skeleton is helped by joints. There are THREE kinds of joints: • • • Fibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull) Cartilagenous (limited movement e.g.vertebrae of spine) Synovial (a range of movements are available) Joints can be separated into FIVE categories: Ball and Socket Hinge Gliding Pivot Saddle Two examples of this joint in the human body are the hip and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint allows the greatest range of movement. Pelvis Femur Two examples of this type of joint include those found at the knee and elbow. Try flexing (bending) and extending them. You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in one direction, just like the hinge of a door. Radius Humerus Ulna In this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub against each other. These small bones can move over one another to increase flexibility of the hands for example. They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments. Carpals This joint is made when one bone twists against another. These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and lower. This joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint. ◦ E.g. CMC (carpometacarpal Joint) In the Human Body there are 3 different types of muscle. These are: SMOOTH – Also known as INVOLUNTARY muscles. Found in the internal organs such as the intestine. They are named as such because we do not have conscious control over them. CARDIAC – Found only in the heart. We cannot control it and it is constantly working. It enables blood to be pumped from the heart to the body. SKELETAL – Often called VOLUNTARY or STRIPED muscle. It enables us to move and is under our conscious control. When muscles contract they cause movement to occur at joints Muscles act in pairs ◦ Agonists – Muscles that contract and shorten ◦ Antagonists – Muscles that lengthen and contract to ‘slow down’ movement ◦ * Complete muscular system worksheet* Bones Joints ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Saddle Ball and Socket Hinge Pivot Gliding 1. The hip and the pelvis are what kind of joint? 2. What type of muscle is in the heart? 3. If the Tricep is the agonist, what is the antagonist? 4. How many bones are in your body? Movements ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Rotation Muscles that cause movements This is when the angle between two bones decreases ◦ Occurs at BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints e.g. flexion of the knee joint This is the increasing in angle between two bones ◦ Occurs at BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints Moving away from the centre line of your body Moving towards the centre line of your body ◦ Occurs in a BALL and SOCKET joints Movement of the bone around a central axis ◦ This occurs at BALL AND SOCKET and PIVOT joints Using the worksheet, fill in what muscles cause movements at the joints identified in the worksheet Muscle Bicep Hamstring Quadricep Tricep Deltoid Abdominals (rectus abdominus) Antagonist Tricep Movements that occur Elbow joint – The bicep causes the elbow flexion Muscle (agonist) Antagonist Movements that occur Bicep Tricep Elbow joint – The bicep causes the elbow flexion Hamstring Quadricep Knee joint – Flexion of knee joint Quadricep Hamstring Knee joint – Extension Tricep Deltoid Abdominals (rectus abdominus) Elbow joint – The Bicep tricep extends the elbow joint Shoulder joint – Deltoid causes Pectoralis Major abduction at shoulder joint Back Extensor (erector Spinae) Flexion of the back/vertebrae 1. If you hamstring contracts (shortens), what movement will occur? 2. If the hamstring is the agonist, the quadriceps are the ____________ ? 3. What muscle is this? 4. When you move a limb away from your midline, it is called __________ ? Group Activity Introduction to Biomechanics In groups, using the basketball picture you have been given. Use the picture to answer the questions on the hand out Be prepared to share with the class You have 10 minutes to complete task! http://classtools.net/education-gamesphp/timer/ Elbow joint (hinge)– is flexed, but will extend once he releases the basketball ◦ Biceps cause flexion ◦ Triceps cause extension Wrist joint (saddle)– is _______, once he releases the basketball the wrist joint will be in __________. ◦ Wrist extensors cause extension ◦ Wrist flexors cause flexion