Download Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

Muscle Disorders and
Clinical Terms
Chapter 10
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Myopathy - disease of muscles
Myalgia - muscular pain
Myositis - inflammation of muscular tissue
Fibrositis - inflammation of connective tissue
within a muscle
Fibromyositis - inflammation of muscles and
connective tissue
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Contracture - painful, sustained shortening of fibers;
muscles adjust to resting length of bent arm or leg;
occur when an individual remains in bed for prolonged
periods and muscles are not exercised
Cramps - exercise causes intense afferent nerve
stimulation, through accumulation of chemical or other
causes; sustained spasm or tetanic contraction
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Muscular dystrophy - slowly progressive atrophy;
end result complete helplessness; cripples; most
often in children, especially males; incurable;
genetic; lack a protein dystrophin that helps
maintain the sarcolemma
Myasthenia gravis - skeletal muscles easily fatigues;
decrease number of ACh receptors; autoimmune
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Tenosynovitis - inflammation of tendons, sheaths
and synovial membrane of joints
gangrene - death of soft tissue, that results from
interruption of its blood supply
ischemia - compartment may swell, pressure becomes
high, shuts off blood supply, nerve damage
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Convulsions - strong involuntary contractions of entire
muscle groups
Spasm - an involuntary twitch, brief period of
complete tetanus; chemical imbalance
Pulled groin - strain affecting adductor muscles
Muscle cramp - prolonged, involuntary and painful
muscle contractions
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Strain - tear or break in muscles
Sprain - tear or breaks in ligaments or tendons
trichinosis - invasion of muscles by parasitic worms
that develop in pockets; from uncooked pork
tetanus (lockjaw) - bacteria release toxin; involuntary
contractions of skeletal muscle groups
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Hyperkalemia - high extracellular K+ concentration
reduces the difference between the K+ concentrations
outside and inside; therefore, fewer K+ diffuse out;
membrane gradually depolarizes; paralysis of
skeletal muscles; death by cardiac muscles
Fibrosis - increasing amounts of fibrous tissue
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Botulism - toxin from Clostridium botulinum prevents release of ACh.
Shin splints - inflammation of the dorsiflexor
muscles over the anterior of the lower leg
Charley horse - painful tear and contusion of
a muscle; often the entire quadriceps group
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Tennis elbow - inflammation at the origin of the
extensor carpi muscles
Atrophy - degeneration of muscle
Hypertrophy - increase in size of muscle
Paralysis - cessation of muscle contraction
Curare - arrowhead poison; binds to ACh receptors
and blocks ACh attachment
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
Calcium channel blockers - drugs that block transfer
of Ca++ ; inhibits muscle contraction; used to
enhance blood flow through the heart by relaxing
the wall of cardiac vessels (dilation)
Volkmann’s contracture - permanent shortening of a
muscle
Tic – spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by
muscles that are voluntary
Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms
tremor – rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction
that produces shaking
fasciculation - involuntary, brief twitch of an entire
motor unit that is visible
hypertonia – increased muscle tone, either rigidity or
spasticity
hypotonia – decreased or lost muscle tone due to
damage to motor neurons
myomalacia – softening of a muscle