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CLOSED WOUNDS BRUISE: • Simplest of the closed wounds. • Blow to the body damages soft tissue layers. • Bleeding occurs beneath the skin. • Swelling and color change occur. TREATMENT: Direct pressure, keep area still, apply ice (about 20 mins.), and elevate as long as elevation does not cause pain. OPEN WOUNDS Abrasions: Most common open wound. Caused by something rubbing roughly against the skin. Does not bleed much but this wound still needs to be cleaned properly since dirt and germs can be rubbed into the wound. Lacerations: A cut in the skin caused by a sharp object. Can bleed heavily or not and damage could be deep through fat and muscle which allows for damage to nerves and blood vessels. Infection can also occur easily if not treated properly. Avulsions: An injury where the skin is partly or completely torn away. Violent force may completely tear away a body part (amputation). Deep tissue damage can cause significant bleeding. Punctures: An injury caused by a pointed object. These wounds do not usually bleed very much but infections could occur due to object carrying dirt and germs deep into the body. Incisions: A cut in the skin due to a sharp object. Bleeding can be rapid and heavy. Very similar to a laceration. TREATMENT: Covering to help control bleeding and prevent infection. Coverings are referred to as dressings and bandages. Depending on severity of the wound stitches could be required. BURN CLASSIFICATIONS BURNS BY SOURCES: Thermal-from extremes of heat or cold, fire, steam or hot liquids Chemical-such as acid Radiation-sunburn, x-rays or artificial ultraviolet rays from a tanning booth Electrical-from electrical wiring, high voltage electrocution by downed power lines BURN CLASSIFICATIONS BURNS BY DEPTH • • • First Degree Burns are the most shallow. They involve only the outer layer of skin which is the epidermis. These burns usually appear red and swollen. There is no blistering with first-degree burns and they usually heal within 3 to 6 days without permanent scarring. Second Degree Burns extend into the middle layer of skin called the dermis. Blistering usually occurs with second-degree burns which are red in color. However, a deep second-degree burn may appear white in color and the blisters may ooze a clear fluid. They usually heal in 10 to 21 days but maybe associated with significant scarring. Third Degree Burns involve all three lays of skin - the epidermis, dermis and fat layer usually destroying the sweat glands, hair follicles and nerve endings. Because the nerves have been destroyed, these burns are not painful. No blisters develop. The appearance and symptoms of deep burns can worsen during the first hours or even days after the burn. DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES • Dislocation is the movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position • Fracture is a complete break, chip or crack in a bone. SPRAINS AND STRAINS Sprain is the tearing of ligaments at a joint. Mild sprains may swell but usually heal quickly. Severe sprains may also involve a fracture or dislocation. Strain is a stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons. Can be caused by lifting something heavy or working a muscle too hard. Care For Muscle, Bone,or Joint Injury •Rest•Immobilize•Cold•Elevate- Do not move or straighten injured area stabilize the injury fill plastic bag or wrap ice and apply to injury Do not elevate if it causes pain