Download Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles

Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
13.1 Organ Systems and Homeostasis
13.2 The Skeletal System
13.3 The Muscular System
13.4 Machines and the Body
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
1. The position of an object can be changed by
a. pushing on the object.
b. pulling on the object.
c. pushing or pulling on the object.
d. measuring the object’s weight.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
1. The position of an object can be changed by
a. pushing on the object.
b. pulling on the object.
c. pushing or pulling on the object.
d. measuring the object’s weight.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The magnitude of a force is the same as
a. its strength.
b. its direction.
c. the distance the force moves an object.
d. friction produced by the force.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The magnitude of a force is the same as
a. its strength.
b. its direction.
c. the distance the force moves an object.
d. friction produced by the force.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The bigger the change in an object’s motion, the
a. smaller the push or pull required.
b. bigger the push or pull required.
c. more likely the object will move in more than
one direction.
d. more likely the object will stop moving.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The bigger the change in an object’s motion, the
a. smaller the push or pull required.
b. bigger the push or pull required.
c. more likely the object will move in more than
one direction.
d. more likely the object will stop moving.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
4. When you use your foot to stop a rolling ball, you are
a. pulling on the ball.
b. pushing on the ball.
c. changing the direction in which the ball rolls.
d. changing the force that started the ball rolling.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Chapter Preview Questions
4. When you use your foot to stop a rolling ball, you are
a. pulling on the ball.
b. pushing on the ball.
c. changing the direction in which the ball rolls.
d. changing the force that started the ball rolling.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
How do the physical principles of forces and machines
relate to the functions of your muscles and skeleton?
A cat sleeps on one end of a seesaw,
while a mouse crouches on the other
end. The cat wakes up and walks away.
How will the forces acting on the ends
change? How will the forces change if
the cat runs across the board
toward the mouse?
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Latin Word Origins
Latin Word
in-
Meaning of Latin Word
Key Term
not
involuntary muscle Type of
muscle that is not under a
person’s conscious control
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Latin Word Origins
Latin Word
ligare
Meaning of Latin Word
Key Term
to tie
ligament Connective tissue
that holds bones together
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Latin Word Origins
Latin Word
porus
Meaning of Latin Word
Key Term
a tiny opening or hole
osteoporosis A condition in
which bones lose minerals,
develop larger openings than
normal bones, and become
weak
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Latin Word Origins
Latin Word
resistere
Meaning of Latin Word
Key Term
to place against
resistance force The force
that a lever exerts against
an object
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Latin Word Origins
Latin Word
voluntas
Meaning of Latin Word
Key Term
free will
voluntary muscle Type of
muscle that is under a
person’s conscious control
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Apply It!
1. How does the meaning of the Latin word ligere help you to
understand what a ligament is?
Ligare means to tie and a ligament holds bones together.
2. What two key terms in the table come from the Latin word
voluntas? What does this Latin word mean?
Voluntary muscle and involuntary muscle. It means free will.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Section 1:
Organ Systems
and Homeostasis
What are the levels of organization in the body?
What systems are in the human body, and what are their
functions?
What is homeostasis?
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
The Epidermis
In some ways, the skin is the body’s largest organ.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Organs and Organ Systems
Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, which is
a group of organs that work together to perform a major
function.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Cell Specialization
Click the Video button to watch a movie
about cell specialization.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Links on Body Systems
Click the SciLinks button for links on body systems.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
End of Section:
Organ Systems
and Homeostasis
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Section 2:
The Skeletal System
What are the functions of the skeleton?
What role do joints play in the body?
What are the characteristics of bone, and how can you
keep your bones strong and healthy?
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
What the Skeletal System Does
Your skeleton has five major
functions. It provides shape and
support, enables you to move,
protects your organs, produces
blood cells, and stores minerals
and other materials until your body
needs them.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Joints of the Skeleton
A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together.
Joints allow bones to move in different ways.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Movable Joints Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about movable joints.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Bones—Strong and Living
Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and
development.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
End of Section:
The Skeletal System
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Section 3:
The Muscular System
What types of muscles are found in the body?
Why do skeletal muscles work in groups?
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Types of Muscles
Your body has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Muscles at Work
Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal
muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the
other muscle in the pair relaxes to its original length.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
More on Muscle Types
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity
about muscle types.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Skeletal Muscles
Click the Video button to watch a movie
about skeletal muscles.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
End of Section:
The Muscular System
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Section 4:
Machines and the Body
How are force and work related?
How does a lever make work easier?
How do bones and muscles function as levers in the
body?
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Force and Work
A lever is a simple machine that makes lifting heavy
objects easier.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Levers
A lever is a ridged bar that is free to pivot, or rotate, on a
fixed point.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Levers
Levers are classified according to the location of the fulcrum
relative to the input and output forces.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Mechanical Advantage
The input force and output force
for three different ramps are
shown in the graph.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Mechanical Advantage
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted on
the horizontal axis?
Input force
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Mechanical Advantage
Interpreting Data:
If an 80-N input force is
exerted on Ramp 2, what is
the output force?
400 N
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Mechanical Advantage
Calculating:
Calculate the mechanical
advantage of Lever 2.
5
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Mechanical Advantage
Drawing Conclusions:
Which lever produces the
greatest resistance force when
an effort force of 20N is exerted?
Which lever has the greatest
mechanical advantage?
Lever 1 produces the greatest
resistance force in each case
because it has the greatest
mechanical advantage.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Simple Machines in the Body
Most of the machines in your body are levers that consist of
bones and muscles.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Links on Work
Click the SciLinks button for links on work.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
Levers
Click the Video button to watch a movie about levers.
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
End of Section:
Machines and
the Body
Chapter 13 Bones and Muscles
QuickTake Quiz
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