Download The

1.03 Understand the functions and disorders
of the skeletal system
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of
the skeletal system
What do you think?
Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal systems
Essential Standards:
• What are the functions of the skeletal system?
• What are some disorders of the skeletal system?
• How are skeletal disorders treated?
• How does the skeletal system relate to the
body’s systems of support and movement?
Functions of the
Skeletal System
• Supports the body and
provides shape
• Protects internal organs
• Movement and anchorage of
muscles
• Mineral storage (Calcium and
phosphorus)
• Hemopoiesis
•206 bones in the body
Functions of the
Skeletal System
• Discuss hemopoiesis
• A biological process in which new blood cells are
formed
• 3 main types of cells:
- Erythrocytes are red cells that carry oxygen
- Leukocytes are white cells which function in
prevention and recovery from disease
- Thrombocytes or platelets, function in blood
clotting
What is MARROW: It is the place
where new blood cells are produced.
contains two types of stem cells: hemopoietic (which
can produce blood cells) and stromal (which can
produce fat, cartilage and bone).
Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells
arise in red marrow; some white blood cells develop
in yellow marrow.
Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood
vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrow is
red.
BLOOD CELLS AND MARROW
• White blood cells are formed in the yellow
marrow and are called leukocytes
• Red blood cells are formed in the red
marrow and are called erythrocytes
7
Functions of the
Skeletal System
Which minerals are stored in the skeletal system?
•Calcium
Most abundant mineral
Used in the heart,
blood, muscles and
nerves
•Phosphorus
Gives bones their hardness
Filters out wastes in the
kidneys and plays an
essential role in how the
body stores and uses
energy
Bones are made up of calcium phosphate,
with inadequate nutrition, the body draws from
these stores.
CALCIUM
• the bones and teeth accounting for about 99% of
the total body stores
• Under normal conditions, the composition of
bone is relatively constant
• Calcium is essential for maintaining the
necessary level of bone mass to support the
structures of the body
• Calcium is also lost through normal bodily
processes such as waste and the shedding of
hair, fingernails, sweat and skin
PHOSPHORUS
• Gives bones their hardness
• It filters out waste in the kidneys and plays an
essential role in how the body stores and uses
energy
• Reduces muscle pain after a hard workout
• Needed for the growth, maintenance, and repair
of all tissues and cells, and for the production of
the genetic building blocks DNA and RNA
• Needed to help balance and use other vitamins
and minerals including vitamin D, iodine,
magnesium, and zinc
PHOSPHORUS CON’T
• Most people get plenty phosphorus
in their diets, and is found in milk,
grains and protein-rich food
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Skeletal system provides anchorage for muscles so
they pull effectively and bones act as levers for
pulling
• Ligaments and tendons work with bones
• Ligaments connect bone to bone
• Tendons connect muscle to bone
Functions of the
Skeletal System
Types of movement
Discuss the
movement in these
pictures.
Functions of the
Skeletal System
•
•
•
•
Abduction and adduction
Circumduction and rotation
Flexion and extension
Pronation and supination
ABDUCTION & ADDUCTION
• ABDUCTIONMovement away
from the midline
of the body
• Lateral raisesmaking a “T”
• ADDUCTIONmovement toward
the midline of the
body
15
CIRCUMDUCTION/ROTATION
• CIRCUMDUCTION:
360 degree rotation
• ROTATION:
Twisting the arm;
making a fist and
trying to twist
FLEXION/EXTENSION
• FLEXION: Decreasing
joint angle; biceps curl
EXTENSION: Increasing
joint angle; triceps- extend
from elbow
Dorsiflexion: Pointing to
the toes upward
Plantar Flexion: pointing
the toes downward
PRONATION/SUPINATION
• PRONATION: from
anterior facing to
posterior facing; palm
down
• SUPINATION: from
anterior facing; palm
down
Functions of the
Skeletal System
• Nothing more than a • Plays a major role in
water-filled blob of
protection – skull for
tissue without it
the brain, ribs
protect internal
• Creates a framework
organs from impact.
for muscles and
organs to connect
19
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Arthritis
• Define the term based on the meaning of
its parts.
arthr/o
itis
Inflammation of the joint
At least 20 different types
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Arthritis
– Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease
– Occurs with aging; 80% of all Americans are affected
– Articular cartilage degenerates
– Bone spur formation at the
joint
- Joints enlarge and swell
- Treated with NSAIDS & Celebrex
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Arthritis
– Rheumatoid arthritis- Chronic autoimmune disease
- Affects connective tissue and
joints
- Thickening of the synovial
membrane & joints become
fused
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Gout acute inflammation of a joint
due to increase of uric acid crystals
in the joint
What makes it worse?
Eating seafood, red meat, &
drinking too much beer
• Gout
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
– Which joint is most often
effected?
The great toe
What other joints might be
affected? knee, ankle & foot –
most often
hand, wrist, fingers, & elbow- less
often
– How is gout treated?
NSAIDS and fresh cherries
GOUT
• SYMPTOMS: pain (severe attacks),
tenderness, redness, warmth, and swelling
• Can affect several joints at once
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Osteoporosis
– Oste/o por/ous osis
– Pourous bone disease
– Low bone mass &
deterioration of bone
tissue
• Osteoporosis
– Why women get
shorter:
Bone loss occurs
without symptoms:
AKA: silent disease
Loss of bone massworse with
menopause
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Osteoporosis
– How is osteoporosis
treated?
– Calcium
supplements,
increase calcium in
your diet and
exercise
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Rickets
Soft bones due to a lack of
calcification & deformities
Primarily in the femur
Pigeon-toed/bow leggedness
- What causes rickets?
Lack of vitamin D present
– Who is most often effected?
children
Pigeon-Toed
• Rickets
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
– How is rickets treated?
increase to
sufficient levels of
calcium, exposure to
sun, vitamin D
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Abnormal spinal curvatures
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
side to side
or lateral
curve of the
spine
hunchback, humped
curvature of the
thoracic area of the
spine
an exaggerated in ward curvature
in the lumbar region of the spine
above the sacrum
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Trauma
–Dislocation
–Sprains
–Strains
–Fractures
Skeletal System Trauma
• Dislocation
– displaced bone
from proper
position
– Subluxation:
partial or
incomplete
placement
Skeletal System Trauma
• Sprain: “twisted ankle”
– A sprain is an injury
to the ligaments
around a joint.
– Ligament stretches
too far from joint
Symptoms: joint pain
(muscle pain), bruising,
swelling, joint stiffness
Treatment: RICE
• Strain
– an overstretching or
overexertion of some
part of the musculature
– Can be due to strenuous
activity
– Can result in a tear as
well
– Symptoms: pain,
bruising
– Treatment: RICE
Skeletal System Trauma
• Fractures
– Closed or simple
– Bone is broken, does
not pierce skin
Skeletal System Trauma
• Fractures
– Open or compound
Bone pierces skin
Protrudes thru the
skin
Most serious
Skeletal System Trauma
• Fractures
– Comminuted
bone splintered
and can become
embedded in the
surrounding tissue
Skeletal System Trauma
• Fractures
– Greenstick
bone is partly bent,
yet does not separate
simplest fracture
Skeletal System Trauma
• Trauma
– How is a fracture
treated?
– Traction: weights to
keep alignment
Closed Reduction
Manual placement:
Casts
Open reduction: bolts, screws,
plates, & casts
41
RICE Treatment
• R = REST
– No weight bearing first 24 hours
• I = ICE
– Every 20 to 30 minutes every 2 or 3 hours for first 24
hours
• C = COMPRESSION
– Apply an elastic bandage
• E= ELEVATION
– As high as tolerated
1.03 Understand the
functions and disorders of the
skeletal system
Essential Standards:
• What are the functions of the skeletal system?
• What are some disorders of the skeletal system?
• How are skeletal disorders treated?
• How does the skeletal system relate to the
body’s systems of support and movement?
43
1.03 Understand the functions and disorders
of the skeletal system
The End
44