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PART B
Joints
Plane Joint
 Plane joints
 Flat articular surfaces
 Slipping or gliding
 Only nonaxial joints
Figure 8.7a
Types of Synovial Joints
 Hinge joints
 Cylinder of one bone fits into a trough on another
 Uniaxial
 Flexion and extension only
 Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
Hinge Joints
Figure 8.7b
Pivot Joints
 Rounded end of one bone fits into a ring of bone on
other bone
 Uniaxial
 Rotation is the only movement
 Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the
proximal radioulnar joint
Pivot Joints
Figure 8.7c
Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
 Oval surface of one bone fits into a depression in
another
 Both surfaces are oval
 Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
 Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
Figure 8.7d
Saddle Joints
 Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater
movement
 Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex
surface
 Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Saddle Joints
Figure 8.7e
Ball-and-Socket Joints
 Round head of one bone articulates with a socket of
another
 Multiaxial joints
 Most freely movable joints
 Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Figure 8.7f
Synovial Joints: Knee
 Most complex joint of the body
 Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation
 Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity
 Femoropatellar joint
 Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints
Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments
and Tendons – Anterior View
 Tendon of the quadriceps
femoris muscle
 Lateral and medial patellar
retinacula
 Fibular (lateral) and tibial
(medial) collateral
ligaments
 Patellar ligament
Figure 8.8c
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Other Supporting Structures
 Anterior cruciate ligament
 Posterior cruciate ligament
 Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
 Lateral meniscus
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Other Supporting Structures
Figure 8.8b
Synovial Joints: Knee –
Posterior Superficial View
 Adductor magnus tendon
 Articular capsule
 Oblique popliteal
ligament
 Arcuate popliteal
ligament
 Semimembranosus
tendon
Figure 8.8e
Synovial Joints: Elbow
 Hinge joint that allows flexion and extension only
 Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
Synovial Joints: Elbow
Figure 8.10a
Synovial Joints: Elbow
•Annular ligament
•Ulnar collateral
ligament
•Radial collateral
ligament
Figure 8.10b
Synovial Joints: Elbow
Figure 8.10d
Synovial Joints: Shoulder
(Glenohumeral)
 Ball-and-socket joint
 Less stable, but more movement
 Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa
(glenoid cavity) of the scapula
Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability
 Stable due to:
 Four ligaments – coracohumeral, and three
glenohumeral
 Biceps tendon, which travels through the
intertubercular groove and secures the humerus to the
glenoid cavity
 Rotator cuff muscles (four tendons) that encircle the
shoulder joint
Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability
Figure 8.11a
Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability
Figure 8.11b
Synovial Joints: Hip (Coxal) Joint
 Ball-and-socket joint
 Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
 Less motion than shoulder due to
 More ligaments
 Deeper socket
Synovial Joints: Hip Stability
 Acetabular labrum
 Iliofemoral ligament
 Pubofemoral ligament
 Ischiofemoral ligament
 Ligamentum teres
Figure 8.12a
Synovial Joints: Hip Stability
Figure 8.12c, d
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
 Mandibular condyle meets with mandibular fossa of
the temporal bone
 Two types of movement
 Hinge – depression and elevation of mandible
 Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth
Temporomandibular Joint
Figure 8.13a, b
Sprains
 The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
 Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
 Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical
repair
Dislocations
 Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
 Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and
joint immobilization
 Caused by serious falls
 Common sports injuries
Arthritis
 Inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages
the joints
 Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
 Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
 Acute forms are caused by bacteria
 Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
 Most common chronic arthritis; often called “wear-
and-tear” arthritis
 Affects women more than men
 85% of all Americans develop OA
 More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to
the normal aging process
Osteoarthritis: Course
 As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it
is replaced
 The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone
spurs, and restrict movement
 Joints most affected are the spine, fingers, knuckles,
knees, and hips
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
 Autoimmune disease of unknown cause
 Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50
 Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia,
osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular
problems
 The course of RA is marked with flare-ups and
remissions
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
 RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
 Inflammatory chemicals are released
 Inflammation occurs
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
 Synovial membrane thickens
 Articular cartilage disappears
 Bones fuse
 The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed
fingers
Gouty Arthritis
 Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints leads to
inflammation
 Affects the joint at the base of the great toe
 In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and
immobilize the joint