Download The Cellular Level of Organization

Joints
Chapter 7
Bio160
Types of Joints
Fibrous – Sutures between skull bones, between
teeth and jaw and between radius and ulna and
tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous – Epiphyseal plate, costal
cartilage, between vertebrae and pubic
symphysis
Types of Synovial Joints
• Gliding – intercarpal and intertarsal,
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular,
sternocostal, and vertebrocostal
• Hinge – knee, elbow, ankle and
interphalangeal
• Pivot – atlanto-axial, radioulnar
• Condyloid – wrist and metacarpophalangeal
(2-5)
Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle – carpometacarpal in thumb
• Ball and Socket – shoulder and hip
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Inversion and Eversion
• Elevation and Depression
• Supination and Pronation
• Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
• Rotation
Muscle Tissue
Chapter8
Bio160
Connective Tissue Components
• Entire muscle is wrapped in fibrous
connective tissue which is continuous with
tendons that insert skeletal muscle into bone
• This outer connective tissue of muscle can
also be called deep fascia (sheet of fibrous
connective tissue) as compared to superficial
fascia also known as subcutaneous tissue
Connective Tissue Components
• Connective tissue holds muscle together as
well as serving to transmit blood vessels and
nerves to inner muscle cells
• Connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle
Epimysium - outside of entire muscle
Perimysium - divides muscle cells into fascicles
(bundles)
Endomysium - covers individual muscle cells
Histology
• Large → Small: fascicle → fiber → fibril →
filament
• Muscle consists of elongated cells called
muscle fibers
Sarco = fleshy
• Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Histology
• Transverse (T) tubule - tubular invagination of
sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril
• Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth
endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+, has
enlarged portions called cisternae that surround
the transverse tubules
Histology
• Myofibrils – cross section of muscle cell
consists of small cylinders called myofibrils
which may number several 100 to several
1000/cell (exercise increases myofibril
production; lack of exercise decreases
myofibrils (atrophy))
Each myofibril consists of myofilaments
(protein)
Histology
– thick myofilaments = myosin
– thin myofilaments = actin, troponin,
tropomyosin
Histology
– thick myofilaments = myosin
– thin myofilaments = actin, troponin,
tropomyosin
Each myofibril is surrounded by SR
Histology
• Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire
length of muscle fiber; they are stacked into
compartments called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal
muscle (contractile unit)
Myofilament arrangement in sarcomeres
results in alternating pattern of light and
dark staining bands
Histology (6)
Parts of sarcomere
– A band - myosin + overlapping actin, dark
staining band
– I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin (2 I
bands / sarcomere), light staining band
– Z disc – through center of I band