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Questions # 8 - #16 #8 Bacteria vs Virus Bacteria Smallest in size X Unicellular organism X Contains DNA X Can reproduce on its own (via cell division) X Needs a host to reproduce X X Prokaryotic X Cell wall X Has a protein coat Killed by antibiotics Virus X X #9 A: The virus attaches to the host cell B: The virus inserts its DNA into the host cell C: The viral DNA instructs the host cell to replicate new viral DNA D: The viral DNA tells the host cell to make new viruses E: New viruses “explode” out of the cell (the cell is no longer functional) Antibiotics Kill Bacteria Cells How come our cells are not destroyed? “What is antibiotics? Chemistry Calendar, October: Health” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAg_xcHrAhE Natural Selection #10 How are humans causing antibiotic resistance? “ Get Smart About Antibiotics” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiM rcOc3HBM&feature=related When they don’t follow the directions When they stop taking the prescription when they “feel better” When they share their medicine with others When they pressure doctors to give them a prescription You never know if it will happen to you… “Teen may loose her hand to antibiotic-resistant, flesh-eating, fish tank bacteria” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZlrFrqLbo0&feature=related #11 Transmission of Pathogens 1. DIRECT CONTACT: Human human contact (shaking hands, saliva or blood exchange) 2. INDIRECT CONTANT: Human object human contact (air, water, food, door knobs, phones, computers) 3. VECTORS: Non-human organism human (ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, mice, raccoons) #12 Non Specific Immune Response 1st Line of Defense “ Secure the Borders” Natural barriers prevent the entrance of a pathogen. Examples: skin, saliva, tears and mucus. #12 Non Specific Immune Response 2nd Line of Defense “ Block the Breach” Inflammation, fever and white blood cells react to the presence of any pathogen. White Blood Cell – nd 2 Line #12 Specific Immune Response 3rd Line of Defense “Hunt Down Successful Invaders” T-cells and B-cells respond to specific pathogens. T- Cells: destroy infected cells B-Cells: create antibodies Antibodies #13 Antibodies are produced by B-cells. They are Y- shaped proteins that respond to an antigen (anything the body recognizes as foreign). Each antibody binds to a specific antigen. Like a lock and key. Antibodies attach to the antigen and signal the white blood cells to destroy it. Antigens Vaccination/Immunization Deliberate exposure to an infectious virus, without developing symptoms of the disease. Antibodies will be made due to this exposure. #14 How Does A Vaccine Work? 1. A piece of the dead or weakened virus is used to make the vaccine. 2. Inject the vaccine into your body (1st exposure). 3. Your immune system responds to the vaccine by creating antibodies. 4. When exposed to a live virus (2nd exposure), the body will now recognize it and begin producing white blood cells to fight the infection. How does a vaccine work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwVfcc1S7IU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SduMbjW2V9A&feature=related #15 A vaccine causes a Primary Response. This is beneficial because it will help the immune system prepare for a response if the person is exposed to the real live antigen. Secondary Response : • the response will be more rapid • more antibodies will be produced to prevent the spread of the disease inside the body • the immune system’s memory lasts longer Why can’t we make a vaccine for HIV? Viruses can mutate while replicating, this means their DNA can change and have different properties. Antibodies will not recognize the new virus strains. It is too difficult for scientists to create a vaccine for every new HIV strain. Advantageous Mutation for Humans Beneficial microorganisms Helpful bacteria and fungi that are either added or naturally occur in foods and other man made products. E. Coli Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Penicillium (fungi mold) Saccharomyces (fungi yeast) #16 Human Digestion Microorganisms that live inside your intestines are called “normal flora”. It helps your body digest foods (sugar & fiber) and helps maintain your immune system. E.coli lives produces vitamin K (helps prevent blood clotting). Lactobacillus can help prevent intestinal infections. Bifidobacterium relieves symptoms of Irritable Bowl Syndrome (IBS). #16 Food Certain bacteria, yeast and mold are used to create unique flavors and textures of our food. Lactobacillaceae (bacteria) perform fermentation. It produces lactic acid, which is used to turn milk into yogurt. Saccharomyces (yeast) perform fermentation. It produces alcohol to make beer/wine and CO2 to help bread rise. Penicillium (mold) assist with the ripening and flavor of cheeses. #16 Medicine Certain bacteria and fungi are used to create prescribed medicines and other medical benefits. Penicillium (fungus) is used to make antibiotics. Probiotic pills are a mix of live microorganisms that can benefit humans with immune heath and digestion (when taken in adequate amounts). The human insulin gene has been inserted into E.Coli DNA. This laboratory process allows us to mass produce human insulin for diabetics.