Download Communicable Diseases

APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Infection Control
Health Science and Technology Education
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Microorganisms
 Microorganisms are small
living bodies that are not
visible to the naked eye.
▫ Nonpathogens - maintain
body processes
▫ Pathogens – cause
infection and disease
 Classes of microorganisms:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Viruses
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Bacteria
 Bacteria are one-celled
microorganisms that are
classified by shape.
 Spores are thick-walled cells
created by bacteria to aid in
reproduction and to make the
bacteria resistant to harsh
environments. Spores can
result in serious illness.
 Diseases - food poisoning,
strep throat, tetanus, syphilis,
and cholera
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Protozoa
 Protozoa are the simplest
organisms in the animal
kingdom.
 Most protozoa need moisture
to survive, so they are often
found in watery environments.
 Diseases - malaria, dysentery,
and African sleeping sickness
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Fungi
 Fungi are plant-like
microorganisms that can
be found in the air, in soil,
on plants, or in water.
 There are thousands of
types of fungi, including
mushrooms, yeasts, and
molds. Only about half of
these types of fungi are
pathogenic.
 Diseases - athlete’s foot,
ringworm, yeast infections,
and thrush
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Viruses
 Viruses are the smallest
type of microorganism. They
are made up of only a few
molecules.
 Viruses invade the cells of a
living organism where they
reproduce more viruses.
 Diseases - common cold,
chicken pox, measles,
herpes, hepatitis B and C,
HIV, and AIDS
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Classification of Infections and Diseases
 Endogenous – begins
inside the body
 Exogenous – caused by
something outside the body
 Nosocomial – acquired by
an individual within a health
care facility
 Opportunistic – occur when
the body’s defenses are
weak
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Infectious and Communicable Diseases
 An infectious disease
results from an invasion of
microorganisms.
 A communicable disease is
a type of infectious disease
that can be transmitted from
one person to another
person.
 Not all infectious diseases
are communicable.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Chain of Infection
 Causative agent
 Reservoir
 Portal of exit
 Mode of transmission
 Portal of entry
 Susceptible host
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Mode of Transmission
 Airborne Transmission
 Bloodborne Transmission
 Vectorborne Transmission
 Sexual Transmission
 Foodborne Transmission
 Casual Contact
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Asepsis
 Asepsis is a condition that
is free of pathogens.
 Maintaining asepsis in a
health care facility is the
primary way to prevent the
spread of disease from
person to person.
 It works by breaking the
chain of infection.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Medical and Surgical Asepsis
 Medical asepsis is maintaining
a clean environment in order to
reduce the number of
pathogens. It is also called
clean technique.
 Surgical asepsis is maintaining
a sterile field that is free from all
microorganisms and spores. It
is also known as sterile
technique.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Sterilizing
 Sterilization is the
highest level of asepsis.
 Sterilization is a type of
surgical asepsis that
kills all microorganisms,
including viruses and
spores.
 The most common
piece of equipment
used for sterilization is
called an autoclave.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Disinfecting
 Disinfection is a type of
medical asepsis that
destroys most pathogens,
but is not always effective
on viruses and spores.
 Common disinfectant
solutions include chlorine
and bleach. An object
must soak in a disinfectant
solution for at least 20
minutes to be properly
disinfected.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Cleaning
 Cleaning is the lowest level
of asepsis, and is also
called sanitization.
 The cleaning process does
not require harsh chemicals
to destroy pathogens, so
cleaning can be used on
people.
 Antiseptic solutions such as
iodine, betadine, and
alcohol are often used in the
cleaning process.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Hand Washing
 Hand washing is the most
basic and important type
of medical asepsis.
 Hand washing is the
number one way to
prevent the spread of
infection.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Handwashing
 When arriving at the health care
facility and immediately before
leaving the facility
 Before and after every patient
contact
 Before and after a procedure
 Before and after handling a
specimen
 Before and after touching the
mouth
 Before and after wearing gloves.
 After contacting soiled or
contaminated items
 After picking up any item from the
floor
 After using the bathroom
 After coughing, sneezing, or using
a tissue
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Handwashing





Use liquid soap
Use warm water
Rub hands together firmly
Clean all surfaces of the hands
Keep fingers pointed
downward
 Wash for at least 15 to 20
seconds
 Use only dry paper towels to
dry hands
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Standard Precautions for Patient Contact
 Use appropriate personal
protective equipment
 Wash hands frequently
 Bandage cuts properly
 Use face shields during
CPR
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Precautions for Environmental Cleanliness
 Place sharps in punctureproof biohazardous waste
containers
 Clean up spills immediately
 Discard infectious waste in
biohazardous waste bags
 Place contaminated linens in
biohazardous laundry bags
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Masks and Eyewear
 Masks and eyewear must
be worn for procedures that
may produce splashes or
sprays of blood or bodily
fluid.
 Masks should be worn once
and then discarded into
biohazardous waste
containers.
 Eyewear is often reusable.
However, it must be cleaned
and disinfected before
reuse.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Gowns
 Gowns should be worn when
using chemical solutions and
during procedures where
splashing or spraying of blood
and bodily fluid is likely.
 Disposable gown should be
placed into biohazardous
waste containers after use.
 Non-disposable gowns may be
placed into biohazardous
linens bags.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Non-Sterile Gloves
 Non-sterile gloves should be
worn when contacting blood
or other bodily fluids and
when handling or cleaning
contaminated items.
 The same pair of gloves
should never be worn in more
than one procedure.
 Wearing gloves should never
replace washing hands.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Using PPE
 Order for donning PPE
▫ Mask and eyewear
▫ Gown
▫ Gloves
 Order for removing PPE
▫ Gloves
▫ Gown
▫ Mask and eyewear
 Always wash hands before
donning the items and
immediately after removing
them.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Communicable Diseases
 A communicable disease is a
type of infectious disease
that can be transmitted from
one person to another
person.
 Some communicable
diseases are spread through
direct contact. Others may be
spread through indirect
contact.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Transmission of Communicable Diseases
 Not all communicable
diseases are transmitted the
same way.
 There are many different
types of communicable
diseases, and health care
workers must become
familiar with the mode of
transmission for each
disease.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Transmission-Based Precautions
 Transmission-based
precautions are used only
with patients who have been
diagnosed with highly
communicable diseases.
 Three types:
▫ Airborne
▫ Droplet
▫ Contact
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Airborne Precautions
 Airborne precautions are
used for patients with
disease that are spread
through tiny airborne
droplets.
 Precautions:
▫ Isolation room
▫ Respiratory protection
▫ Negative pressure
 Examples of diseases:
▫ Tuberculosis
▫ Chicken pox
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Droplet Precautions
 Droplet precautions are used
for patients with diseases
that are spread through large
airborne droplets.
 Precautions:
▫ Isolation room
▫ Standard surgical masks
 Examples of diseases:
▫ Pneumonia
▫ Influenza
▫ Whooping cough
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Contact Precautions
 Contact precautions are
used for patients with
diseases that are spread
through direct and indirect
contact.
 Precautions:
▫ Isolation room
▫ Gowns and gloves
▫ Equipment precautions
 Examples of diseases:
▫ MRSA
▫ VRE
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Transmission-Based Garments
 Special care must be taken when
removing transmission-based
garments because the items may
be contaminated with highly
infectious pathogens.
 Transmission-based garments
must be removed and disposed
inside the door of the patient’s
room.
 Health care workers must not
touch the outer surface of any
protective garments.
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