Download The Digestive System

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Chapter 8
Diseases and Conditions
of the Digestive System
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Digestive System
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The Oral Cavity and Jaw
(Diseases and Conditions)
 Herpes simplex (cold sores)
 Thrush
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Digestive Distress Signals
Hiccup
Colic
Indigestion
Flatulence
Heartburn
Diarrhea
Nausea
Constipation
Vomiting
Fecal
incontinence
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Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Peptic ulcers: sores or lesions in the mucous
membrane of the stomach or upper
intestinal tract
GASTRIC
DUODENAL
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Diseases of the
Gastrointestinal Tract
Hiatal hernia: a defect in the diaphragm that
permits segment of stomach to slide into
thoracic cavity
 Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain,
swallowing difficulty; some cases
asymptomatic
Abdominal hernia: a condition in which an
organ protrudes through an abnormal
opening in the abdominal wall
 Symptoms: lump or bulge; groin pain
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Diverticular Conditions
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Diseases of the
Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)
Peritonitis: inflammation of the
peritoneum that can be acute or
chronic, local or generalized
 Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever,
distended abdomen, paralytic ileus
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Diseases of the Liver, Biliary
Tract, and Pancreas
Cirrhosis of the liver
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Diseases of the Liver, Biliary
Tract, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
Viral hepatitis
 Hepatitis A: highly contagious condition
caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV)
causing mild damage to the liver.
 Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver
caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
 Hepatitis C: chronic condition caused by
the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in
gradual, insidious liver disease.
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Cancer of the Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma: primary tumor of
the liver; usually arises in chronic liver
disease setting
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LIVER
TUMORS
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Cholecystitis
Causes: obstruction
of biliary duct by
gallstones
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Diseases of Nutrient Intake and Absorption
Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy):
a disease of the small intestine
characterized by malabsorption,
gluten intolerance, and damage to the
lining of the intestine
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa: psychological
disturbance in which self-imposed
starvation and compulsion to be thin
leads to denial of hunger
Bulimia: behavioral disorder
characterized by recurring episodes
of binge eating followed by selfinduced vomiting or purging
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CHAPTER - 9
Diseases and Conditions
of the Respiratory System
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15
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Orderly Function of the
Respiratory System
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Diseases of the Respiratory
System
Causes:
 Infection
 Congenital defects
 Circulatory
 Central nervous
disorders
 Tumors
 Trauma
 Immune diseases
system damage or
diseases
 Environmental
conditions
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LUNG-Atelectasis
Atelectasis (collapsed lung): airless
or collapsed state of the pulmonary
tissue
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Pulmonary Embolism
Occurs when
embolism is
lodged in artery
and interrupts
blood supply
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Pneumonia
Causes of Pneumonia:
Bacterial infection Pneumococci
 Staphylococci
 Group A hemolytic streptococci
 Klebsiella pneumoniae types 1 and 2
 Other gram-negative organisms
(Legionella, Haemophilus influenzae
type B, Francisella tularensis)
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Pneumonia (cont’d.)
Causes of Pneumonia:
Virus
 Adenoviruses
 Influenza viruses
 Syncytial viruses
 May also be caused by damage to
lungs, such as inhalation of poisonous
gas such as chlorine or aspiration of
foreign matter
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
 COPD includes:
 Chronic bronchitis (acute or chronic
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining
the bronchi)
 Bronchiectasis
 Asthma
 Emphysema
 Cystic fibrosis
 Pneumoconiosis-any disease of the lung
caused by long-term dust inhalation
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
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Tuberculosis
 Pulmonary tuberculosis: chronic, acute,
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or subacute infection of the lungs by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Infectious Mononucleosis
 Infectious mononucleosis
(Epstein-Barr virus infection): acute
herpes virus infection (glandular
fever)
 Symptoms:
 Lymphadenopathy
 Fever that typically peaks in afternoon
 Listlessness, malaise, chills, anorexia
 Sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, and
cervical generalized lymphadenopathy
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Adult Respiratory Distress
Syndrome
 Adult respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS): severe pulmonary congestion
characterized by acute respiratory distress
and hypoxemia
 Symptoms:
 Sudden, severe dyspnea with rapid, shallow
respirations
 Inspiratory intercostals and suprasternal
retractions along with cyanosis or mottled skin
 May also have rales, rhonchi and wheezes
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Lung Cancer
4 major types:
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
 Squamous cell carcinoma - 30% of all
lung cancers
 Adenocarcinoma - 40%
 Large cell carcinoma - 10%
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) occurs almost exclusively in smokers
 Small cell carcinoma - 20%
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