Download Chapter 1 - Dr. Saadia McLeod

Chapter One:
What Is
Health
Psychology?
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•Definition of health psychology
•The mind-body relationship: a brief history
•The rise of the biopsychosocial method
•The need for health psychology
•Health psychology research
•What is health psychology training for?
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•Studies psychological influences on people
• How they stay healthy
• Why they become ill
• How they respond when they get ill
•Health: Complete state of physical, mental,
and social well-being
• Wellness: Optimum state of health
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•Bio Factors: Virus, Bacteria, Genetics
•Psych Factors: Behavior, Choices, Perception,
Beliefs, Norms, Coping, Pain
•Social: SES, Stress, Social Support, Available
resources, Access to healthcare
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•Health promotion and maintenance
•Prevention and treatment of illness
•Etiology and correlates of health, illness, and
dysfunction
• Etiology: Origins or causes of illness
•Improvement of health care system and the
formulation of health policy
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•Disease during prehistory - Considered to
arise when evil spirits entered the body
•Humoral theory of illness - Diseases resulted
when the humors or circulating fluids of the
body were out of balance
• Personality types associated with the humors
• Blood - Passionate temperament
• Black bile - Sadness
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• Yellow bile - Angry disposition
• Phlegm - Laid-back approach to life
•Disease in Middle Ages - God’s punishment
•Renaissance to present day - Technical bases
of medicine are understood
• Dependent on laboratory findings and looked
to bodily factors
• Diagnosis - Organic and cellular pathology
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•16th/17th Century: Disease localized to body
•Late 1800 – Tissue Pathology (microscope)
•19th Century- cell biology, basic element
•Gave Rise to:
Magic Bullet Theory: There is a one shot cure
for all illnesses
Germ Theory: germs at cell level cause illness
Created the Biomedical Model
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
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•Specific unconscious conflicts produce
physical disturbances symbolizing repressed
psychological conflicts (sexual)
• Conceptualized by Sigmund Freud
• Belle’s Palsy: Symptoms without physical cause
• Case: “Dora” lost her ability to speak
• Symptoms symbolic of conflict involving
unacceptable sexual desire
• Gave rise to “psychosomatic” medicine
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•Specific illnesses are produced by people’s
internal conflicts
•
Criticism - Conflict or personality type is
not sufficient to produce illness
•
Conflicts can not be objectively measured
or verified (scientific principles)
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•Freud’s observations helped to create
•Health and illness are consequences of the
interplay of biological, psychological, and
social factors
•Advantages
• Individual and society continually interact to
influence health and illness
• Emphasizes both health and illness
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•Process of diagnosis can benefit from
understanding the interacting role of
biological, psychological, and social factors
•Significance of the relationship between
patient and practitioner is made clear which
improves:
• Patient’s use of services
• Efficacy of treatment
• Rapidity with which illness is resolved
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•Purpose - To see how completely the mind
and body are intertwined in health
•Sudden nocturnal deaths among male
refugees from Southeast Asia after the
Vietnam war
• Occurred in the first few hours of sleep
• Autopsies revealed no specific cause of death
•Reasons
• Genetic susceptibility
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• Victims were overwhelmed by:
• Cultural differences
• Language barriers
• Difficulties finding satisfactory jobs
• Immediate trigger provided by:
• Family argument
• Violent television
• Frightening dreams
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•Increase in chronic or lifestyle-related
illnesses
• Acute disorders: Tuberculosis, pneumonia,
and other infectious diseases
• Chronic illnesses: Heart disease, cancer, and
respiratory diseases
•Advances in technology and research
•Expanded health care services
•Increased medical acceptance
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•Acute- 1900s
•Causes:
•Influenza/Pneu
•Tuberculosis
•GI Infection
•Chronic-now
•Heart Disease:1
•Cancer:2
•Injuries/Accid:3
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•Drop in Deaths due to Infectious Disease:
• Improved hygeine
• Cleaner water
• Antibiotics
• Healthier behavior
• Note: Acute conditions are now short-lived
and curable, Chronic are incurable and lifelong
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•Most Chronic Illness are Preventable:
• Adherence to medication (insulin)
• Diet
• Stop smoking
• Exercise
• Limit alcohol (car accidents, self-inflicted gun
shots)
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•10% Medical care
•20% Genetics
•40% Behavior !!!
•30% other factors
•NOTE: Illness is multi-factorial, not caused
by 1 factor alone!
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• Biopsychosocial Model:
• Instructions: Create a list of all possible
psychological, biological and
social/environmental factors that contribute to
the onset of this college student’ winter cold.
• Sherry is a 18 year old freshman living in the
dorms and currently attending Cal Poly Pomona
majoring in Business. She has family in
Wisconsin and is feeling very lonely and
isolated. Normally a successful student, Sherry
received her first F in two classes in the Fall Q.
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• Ryan is currently a senior in an IB program in
high school. He is a vivacious and sociable
student and enjoys his classes and has many
friends. His favorite past-time is to play league
of legends with his friends online. He was
recently diagnosed with Lymphoma. He will be
undergoing aggressive chemotherapy and will
miss most of the rest of his senior year.
• What are the biopsychosocial factors to consider
when considering improving his quality of life
and his response to treatment?
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•Explanation of a phenomena, Describes
relationships between variables
• Advantages
• Guides Research investigations
• Develop cohesive knowledge base
• Avoid trial and error
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• Evidence-based medicine: Medical
interventions are based on empirical evidence;
defines standard of care
• Experimental Designs:
• Causal : Ability to conclude A causes B
• Exp: Mediterranean diet reduces heart disease
• Correlational Designs:
• Predict:Ability to predict B, if A is known
• Exp: Income is related to increased well-being
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•Definition: must have an independent
variable and dependent variable(s)
• Independent Variable: manipulated variable
administered to the subjects
• Exp: Drug treatment, Antidote, Therapy, New diet
• Dependent Variable: what is measured
• Exp.: # of anxiety symptoms, reduced cholesterol, #
depressive symptoms, reduced risk of heart disease
• Operational Definition: how you measure
the constructs (exp. Measuring happiness)
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•Potential Problems with Concluding Cause:
Confounds
• Solution: Randomized –Placebo Double-Blind
Study (The Gold Standard)
• Reduces:
• Selection Effects: random assignment to groups
• Placebo Effects : “Sugar pill” group
• Hawthorne Effects: influence of the experimenter
• Social Desirability Effect: Subjects biasing results
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•Correlational research: whether one
variable co-varies with another
• Positive Correlation: As one increases, so
does the other (meditation and wellbeing)
• Negative Correlation: As one decreases, the
other increases (exercise and heart disease)
•Disadvantage – No causality can be inferred
•Advantage over experiments - Easier
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•Looks forward in time: explore health risks
• Group of people change
• Exp: Follow a cohort of Native-American children
raised on a reservation and follow their health over
time
• Relationship between two variables over time
• Exp: Examine dietary practices and health outcomes
•Longitudinal research: Same people are
observed at multiple points in time (exp.
Longevity Project)
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•Looks backward in time in an attempt to
reconstruct the conditions that led to a
current situation
•Were critical in identifying the risk factors
that led to the development of AIDS
•Important in identifying infectious patterns:
exp. Understanding the spread of SARS,
Ebola
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•Important to understand health trends
•Epidemiology: Study of the frequency,
distribution, and causes of infectious and
noninfectious disease in a population
• Morbidity: Number of cases of a disease that
exist at some given point in time
• Mortality: Total number of deaths due to
particular cause
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Tools of neuroscience
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - Permits
glimpses into the brain
• Has helped to improve the knowledge of the autonomic,
neuroendocrine, and immune systems
Mobile and wireless technologies
• Ecological momentary interventions
• Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring devices
Meta-analysis
• Combines results from different studies to identify how
strong the evidence is for particular research findings
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Health care
practitioners
Social work
Occupational
therapy
Dietetics
Physical
therapy
Public health
Academic
research
Private
practice
Management
of health care
Treatment
settings
Occupational
health
settings
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Education.
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•Design a study to investigate the effects of
lack of sleep on wellbeing.
• What is your hypothesis?
• 1. Operational Definition of Wellbeing
• 2. What is the independent variable
• 3. What is the dependent variable
• Is the design Experimental or Correlational or
Descriptive?
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