Download vaginitis - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
PEOPLE
“Everyone has a photographic
memory, it’s just that some people
don’t have film.”
PREGNANCY
• DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to
expel the fetus through the birth canal without
assistance
– Causes:
• Abnormal fetal position or size
• Uterine inertia
• Narrowed birth canal
– Diagnosis:
• Digital palpation of vagina
• Radiographs
• ultrasound
PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA
• TREATMENT:
– Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal
canal can be manually dislodged.
– For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in
contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium
preparations can be given
– C-section
PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE
MATERNAL BEHAVIOR
• DAM SHOULD:
– Allow nursing
– Grooming
• Stimulate CV,RS function
• Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material
– retrieving
– Protecting
• DAM SHOULD NOT:
– Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young
– Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive
PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS
• Agalactia: lack of milk production
– Causes include;
• Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection
• Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in
mastitis
• Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary
gland
– Clinical signs:
• Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed
glands
PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS
• Treatment for mastitis:
– Antibiotics
– Warm compresses
– Do not allow nursing from affected glands
OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS:
• PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the
uterus”
– High levels of progesterone cause several
changes in the uterus:
• hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial
glands of the uterus
• Decreased myometrial contractions
• Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection
– Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli
PYOMETRA
• CLINICAL SIGNS:
–
–
–
–
–
Vulvar discharge
Vomiting
Dehydration
PU/PD
Azotemia
• DIAGNOSIS:
– Radiology
– Ultrasound
– Bloodwork
• Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed
pyometra)
PYOMETRA
This is a potentially life-threatening condition
PYOMETRA
An open pyometra is when the
Cervix is open and allows drainage
Of the pus
Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy
As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy
PYOMETRA IN A RAT
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VAGINITIS
• Definition: an inflammatory process, not
necessarily infectious.
Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis)
VS.
Adult vaginitis
VAGINITIS
• PUPPY VAGINITIS
– Causes:
• Inverted vulva
• Hormonal fluctuations
– Clinical signs:
• Purulent vulvar discharge
• +/- licking the vulva
– Treatments:
• systemic antibiotics
• topical douching
– Signs will return when treatment is discontinued
– Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle
VAGINITIS
Inverted vulva
VAGINITIS
• ADULT VAGINITIS
– Causes:
• Anatomical abnormalities
• Canine herpesvirus
– Clinical signs:
•
•
•
•
purulent vulvar discharge
+/- licking the vulva
peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection
Perceived urinary incontinence
VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE
• Hyperplasia/prolapse
– Occurs under the influence of estrogen
• Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from
the vulva
• Treatment:
– Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition
permanently and is the tx of choice
– Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur
with subsequent estrous cycles
VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE
MAMMARY TUMORS
• Usually tumors of older intact females
– ~50% of all tumors in female dogs
– 3rd most common tumor in cats
• Risk dramatically reduces with
ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1st
heat)
• 50% of canine tumors are benign
– Only 10-20% of feline tumors are benign
MAMMARY TUMORS
Malignant tumors are usually fast growing,
Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are
Often small and feel like a pea.
Surgical removal is advised for all
Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required
To differentiate benign from malignant
tumors
OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY
• Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus
http://www.lbah.com/canine/spay.html
PEOPLE
“I love long walks, especially when
they’re taken by someone who
annoys me.”
PROSTATIC DISEASES
• PROSTATE: Sex gland in the dog and cat
– Located just caudal to the bladder, encircling the
proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder
– Purpose is to produce a fluid as transport and
support medium for sperm during ejaculation
PROSTATIC DISEASE
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
• Caused by altered androgen/estrogen ratio
– Mild or no clinical signs
• Tenesmus
• Enlarged prostate but not painful
• TX:
– Castration results in a 70% decrease in size within
14 days
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
PROSTATITIS
• Bacterial prostatitis may be acute or chronic
and it affects sexually mature dogs
– Clinical signs:
• Lethargy
• Anorexia
– Diagnosis:
• Urinalysis: hematuria, increased white blood cells,
presence of bacteria
– Treatment:
• Antibiotics
• Castration
• Prostatitis can lead to abscessation
NEOPLASIA of the male genital tract
• Prostatic neoplasia is uncommon, but all
prostatic neoplasms are malignant
• Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)
– Occurs only in the canine
– Spreads during sexual contact
– Tumors found on the penis, prepuce, and scrotum
• Cauliflower-like
– Treatment:
• Chemotherapy
• Surgical removal of small localized masses
TVT
These tumors are friable and bleed
easily
CRYPTORCHIDISM
• One or both testicles have been retained in the
abdomen or inguinal canal
– Often the retained testicle is still functional
• Dog can still produce testoterone, show sexual desire
and breed
• A testicular tumor known as sertoli cell tumor is more
common in retained testicles
• These animal should not be bred
CRYPTORCHIDISM
Two normal testicles
Unilateral cryptorchid
Treatment is castration – testicle
Should be removed from the
Abdomen or pushed down from
The inguinal canal
CASTRATION
http://www.lbah.com/canine/dog_neuter.html
References
• Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of
Companion Animals
• http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Beimborn/in
dex.php
• http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/art
icle/articleDetail.jsp?id=727396&pageID=1&s
k=&date=
• http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/eiltslotus/Therioge
nology-5361/the_normal_canine.htm
References
• http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9923