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Essential Questions What is a facultative anaerobe? What are the two types of virus reproduction? What are two types of archeabacteria? Warm Up What are three parts of a cell? Where did Darwin do all his studies? Complete the following cross RrxRr Warm up What are the four nucleotides of DNA? What did Mendel study in his experiments? (Genetics)? What is the difference between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell, give an example of each. Warm UP Where can bacteria be found? Is it prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Why? Warm up What do bacteria make when conditions are not favorable for reproduction. What can be used to kill bacteria? Viruses? What are two differences between bacteria and viruses? Warm up What is a obligate anaerobe? What are the two different groups of bacteria? What does bacteria’s DNA look like? Warm up What are two ways bacteria can reproduce? What is a endospore? What are two things we use bacteria for? Warm Up What are three problems tobacco can cause? What dosage of nicotine can kill you? How many people die of second hand smoke in america? Warm up What are two patterns of growth? What are two shapes? What gram stain is purple? Warm up What is a prokaryotic organism? What is a bacteria? What are two parts of a bacteria? (Use book pg. 288) Warm Up What are two examples of archeabacteria? Name three parts of a bacteria. Where do halophiles live? Need Books Essential Questions What are three parts of bacteria? What is one way they reproduce? What is one way they benefit us? Bacteria and Viruses Bacteria Vocabulary Prokaryotes Eubacteria Archeabacteria Methanogens Halophiles Thermacidophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes – – Smallest and most common microorganism Lack a nucleus Classifying Prokaryotes Until recently all prokaryotes were placed in the kingdom – Monera 2 different groups: – – Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eubacteria Some are heterotrophs Live anywhere except the extreme environments Some are parasites Some are saprophytes Some are autotrophs – Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae Archaebacteria Live in extremely harsh environments 3 major types based on where they live – Methanogens – Thermacidophiles – Lives in oxygen-free environments and produce methane gas Found in digestive tract of cows, and in sewage plants Lives in areas of hot acidic water with sulfur Found in cracks deep in the ocean at volcanic vents Extreme Halophiles Lives only in water with high concentrations of salt Found in the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea Essential Questions What are the three main types of archeabacteria? What does prokaryotic mean? What category did all bacteria use to fall under? Vocabulary Shape of bacteria Gram staining Patterns of growth Structure of bacteria Prokaryotic cells that have small ribosomes Genes are located on a single circular chromosome Contain a cell wall Identification Prokaryotes Shape of bacteria – Circular, rod-shaped, spiral shaped Gram staining A chemical that stains certain cell walls based on its chemical composition – Bacteria that are gram positive will stain purple and gram negative are pink Helps scientist know what antibiotic to use. – Patterns of growth – (diplo-) paired, (staphylo-) resemble grapes, and (strepto-) chain Shapes of Bacteria Top right: Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci) Bottom left: Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla) Bottom right: Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) Patterns of Growth Top right: diploBottom left: staphloBottom right: strepto- Vocabulary Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes Adaptations in bacteria Obligate aerobes – – Obligate anaerobes – – Bacteria that require oxygen Example – Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis) Bacteria that are killed by oxygen Example – Clostridium botulinum (botulism) Facultative anaerobes – – Do not require oxygen but are not killed in the presence of oxygen Example – E. coli Essential Questions What is the flagellum used for? Why are bacteria in the domain prokaryote? What does it mean to be anaerobic? Vocabulary Binary fission Conjugation Endospores Reproduction of bacteria Binary fission – The bacteria copy its DNA and grow and split into two cells Conjugation – Is when one bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome into another cell through or on a structure called a pili Endospores – – – – Produced by bacteria when conditions are unfavorable Carries the DNA and a little cytoplasm in a tough outer covering Do not reproduce When conditions improve the endospore germinates and produces a bacterial cell Important bacteria Decompose organic materials and returning these materials to the environment Used to make some foods – yogurt, Swiss cheese, and pickles Some produce antibiotics that we use medically to fight off other types of infectious bacteria Essential questions What are two ways in which bacteria reproduce? What is a endospore? What are antibiotics? Warm up What is a bacteriaphage? What are two parts of a virus? Are viruses alive? Why? Viruses Vocabulary Virus Capsid Bacteriophages Viral Structure What is a virus? Virus is from the Latin word “poison” A non-living infectious particle Do not exhibit all the criteria for life Do not respirate, grow, or develop A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Host cell - the cell that a virus infects and uses to replicate Viruses infect only certain types of cells Capsid – an outer coat of protein – Enable a virus to enter a host cell Bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria Viral Structure Core of the virus contains the DNA or RNA Specific proteins on the coat determine the type of cells a virus can infect To infect a cell the virus must be able to bind to the outside of the cell Contain a specific attachment protein Essential questions What is a capsid? What is a virus called that infects bacteria? What are three criteria for life? Need Books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Vocabulary Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle Viral Infection 2 major types – Lytic infection – In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, make copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst. Lysogenic infection In a lysogenic infection, a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. Lytic Cycle (steps) 1) Attachment of virus to the cell membrane 2) Injection of viral DNA or RNA into the cell 3) Virus forces the cell to make new viral DNA and viral proteins 4) The new viruses are assembled and fill the cell 5) The cell becomes so full it ruptures, releasing new viruses http://student.ccbcmd.edu/immt/PLP/lyticCycle/ Lysogenic cycle (steps) 1) Attachment of the virus to the cell membrane 2) Injection of the viral DNA or RNA into the cell 3) Viral DNA becomes integrated into the host cell’s chromosomes (now call prophage) 4) Each time the cell replicates, it also passes along a copy of the provirus 5) At some point there is a signal to enter the lytic cycle 6) The provirus leaves the host chromosome and starts the lytic cycle ● Virus that cause herpes simplex I and II, hepatitis B, chicken pox virus, and HIV all use the lysogenic cycle Essential questions What are the two types of reproduction in viruses? What happens during the lytic cycle? Give an example of a virus that goes through the lysogenic cycle. Vocabulary Retroviruses Retroviruses Retrovirus – – – – Has RNA at its core It injects the RNA along with an enzyme into the host cell The enzyme reads the RNA and makes complementary DNA The double stranded DNA that is formed becomes a provirus and integrates into the host DNA Viruses and Living Cells Viruses must infect a living cell in order to grow and reproduce Viruses are considered a parasite Warm up What are three parts of a virus? How is the lysogenic cycle different than the lytic? What virus contains RNA instead of DNA? Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses Bacterial Disease in Humans Pathogens – a disease-causing agent About half of human diseases are caused by bacteria Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways. – – Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food. Other bacteria release toxins that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host. Preventing Bacterial Diseases Vaccine – – – A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens Stimulates the body’s immune system to produce an immunity to the disease Immunity – the body’s ability to destroy new pathogens Antibiotics – – Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria Penicillin interfere with the bacteria’s ability to build cell walls Warm Up What is a pathogen? How does bacteria produce diseases? Give an example of a bacteria disease. Warm Up What is used to treat bacteria? Viruses? What are two parts of a virus? What are two differences between a bacteria and virus? Disease Transmission Symptoms Treatment Strep throat Inhale or ingest Fever, sore throat, swollen neck glands Antibiotic Tuberculosis Inhale Fatigue,fever, night sweats, cough, weight loss, chest pain Antibiotic Lyme disease Bite of infected insect Rash at site of bite, chills, body aches, joint swelling Antibiotic Destruction of tooth enamel, tooth ache Remove and fill the infected area of tooth Cholera Drinking Diarrhea, vomiting, contaminated water dehydration Replace body fluids, antibiotics Tetanus Puncture wound Open and clean wound, antibiotic, give antitoxin Dental cavities Bacteria in mouth Stiff jaw, muscle spasms, paralysis Controlling Bacteria There are various methods used to control bacterial growth, including sterilization, disinfectants, and food processing. Viral Disease in Humans Like bacteria, viruses produce disease by disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium. Named after the disease they cause, or the organism they infect – Adenovirus infects the adenoids (common cold) Disease Effect on Body Transmission Common cold Sneezing, sore throat, fever, headache, muscle aches Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation Influenza Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, dry cough, fatigue Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation Smallpox High fever, fatigue, head and back Contact with contaminated aches, rash objects; droplet inhalation AIDS Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune system function, are destroyed Contact w/ infected blood or bodily fluids; pregnant women to babies during birth or breastfeeding Chickenpox Fever and weakness, red, itchy rash Contact with rash; droplet inhalation Measles High fever, sore throat, cough, rash, sneezing, swollen eyelids, white spots on cheek lining Droplet inhalation Hepatitis A Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, fever Hunan wastes, contaminated water and food Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, joint pain Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids West Nile Fever, headache, body ache Bite from an infected mosquito Types of viruses Tumor virus – – Convert or transform normal cells into cancer cells Examples are: papillomavirus (causes warts) hepatitis B Plant viruses – – Can change the color of the flowers of plants such as tulips, gladioli and pansies First virus identified was the tobacco mosaic virus