Download Viruses and Bacteria

Essential Questions



What is a facultative anaerobe?
What are the two types of virus
reproduction?
What are two types of
archeabacteria?
Warm Up



What are three parts of a cell?
Where did Darwin do all his studies?
Complete the following cross RrxRr
Warm up



What are the four nucleotides of DNA?
What did Mendel study in his experiments?
(Genetics)?
What is the difference between a Eukaryotic
and Prokaryotic cell, give an example of
each.
Warm UP


Where can bacteria be found?
Is it prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Why?
Warm up



What do bacteria make when conditions are
not favorable for reproduction.
What can be used to kill bacteria? Viruses?
What are two differences between bacteria
and viruses?
Warm up



What is a obligate anaerobe?
What are the two different groups of
bacteria?
What does bacteria’s DNA look like?
Warm up



What are two ways bacteria can reproduce?
What is a endospore?
What are two things we use bacteria for?
Warm Up



What are three problems tobacco can
cause?
What dosage of nicotine can kill you?
How many people die of second hand smoke
in america?
Warm up



What are two patterns of growth?
What are two shapes?
What gram stain is purple?
Warm up

What is a prokaryotic organism?
What is a bacteria?
What are two parts of a bacteria?

(Use book pg. 288)


Warm Up



What are two examples of archeabacteria?
Name three parts of a bacteria.
Where do halophiles live?
 Need
Books
Essential Questions
 What
are three parts of bacteria?
 What is one way they reproduce?
 What is one way they benefit us?
Bacteria and Viruses
Bacteria
Vocabulary






Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermacidophiles
Bacteria

Prokaryotes
–
–
Smallest and most common microorganism
Lack a nucleus
Classifying Prokaryotes


Until recently all prokaryotes were placed in
the kingdom – Monera
2 different groups:
–
–
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria





Some are heterotrophs
Live anywhere except the extreme environments
Some are parasites
Some are saprophytes
Some are autotrophs
–
Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae
Archaebacteria


Live in extremely harsh environments
3 major types based on where they live
–
Methanogens


–
Thermacidophiles


–
Lives in oxygen-free environments and produce
methane gas
Found in digestive tract of cows, and in sewage plants
Lives in areas of hot acidic water with sulfur
Found in cracks deep in the ocean at volcanic vents
Extreme Halophiles


Lives only in water with high concentrations of salt
Found in the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea
Essential Questions



What are the three main types of
archeabacteria?
What does prokaryotic mean?
What category did all bacteria use
to fall under?
Vocabulary



Shape of bacteria
Gram staining
Patterns of growth
Structure of bacteria



Prokaryotic cells that have small ribosomes
Genes are located on a single circular
chromosome
Contain a cell wall
Identification Prokaryotes

Shape of bacteria
–

Circular, rod-shaped, spiral shaped
Gram staining
A chemical that stains certain cell walls based on its
chemical composition
– Bacteria that are gram positive will stain purple and
gram negative are pink
Helps scientist know what antibiotic to use.
–

Patterns of growth
–
(diplo-) paired, (staphylo-) resemble grapes, and
(strepto-) chain
Shapes of Bacteria
Top right: Sphere-shaped
bacteria (cocci)
Bottom left: Spiral-shaped
bacteria (spirilla)
Bottom right: Rod-shaped
bacteria (bacilli)
Patterns of Growth
Top right: diploBottom left: staphloBottom right: strepto-
Vocabulary



Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Adaptations in bacteria

Obligate aerobes
–
–

Obligate anaerobes
–
–

Bacteria that require oxygen
Example – Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
Bacteria that are killed by oxygen
Example – Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
Facultative anaerobes
–
–
Do not require oxygen but are not killed in the
presence of oxygen
Example – E. coli
Essential Questions



What is the flagellum used for?
Why are bacteria in the domain
prokaryote?
What does it mean to be anaerobic?
Vocabulary



Binary fission
Conjugation
Endospores
Reproduction of bacteria

Binary fission
–

The bacteria copy its DNA and grow and split into
two cells
Conjugation
–
Is when one bacterium transfers all or part of its
chromosome into another cell through or on a
structure called a pili

Endospores
–
–
–
–
Produced by bacteria when conditions are
unfavorable
Carries the DNA and a little cytoplasm in a
tough outer covering
Do not reproduce
When conditions improve the endospore
germinates and produces a bacterial cell
Important bacteria


Decompose organic materials and returning
these materials to the environment
Used to make some foods
–

yogurt, Swiss cheese, and pickles
Some produce antibiotics that we use
medically to fight off other types of infectious
bacteria
Essential questions
 What
are two ways in which
bacteria reproduce?
 What is a endospore?
 What are antibiotics?
Warm up



What is a bacteriaphage?
What are two parts of a virus?
Are viruses alive? Why?
Viruses
Vocabulary
Virus
 Capsid
 Bacteriophages
 Viral Structure

What is a virus?
Virus is from the Latin word “poison”
 A non-living infectious particle
 Do not exhibit all the criteria for life
 Do not respirate, grow, or develop
 A typical virus is composed of a core of
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein
coat.

Host cell - the cell that a virus infects
and uses to replicate
 Viruses infect only certain types of cells


Capsid – an outer coat of protein
–

Enable a virus to enter a host cell
Bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria
Viral Structure




Core of the virus contains the DNA or RNA
Specific proteins on the coat determine the
type of cells a virus can infect
To infect a cell the virus must be able to bind
to the outside of the cell
Contain a specific attachment protein
Essential questions
 What
is a capsid?
 What is a virus called that infects
bacteria?
 What are three criteria for life?
Need
Books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Vocabulary


Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
Viral Infection

2 major types
–
Lytic infection

–
In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, make copies of
itself, and causes the cell to burst.
Lysogenic infection

In a lysogenic infection, a virus integrates its DNA into
the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic
information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA.

Lytic Cycle (steps)
1) Attachment of virus to the cell membrane
2) Injection of viral DNA or RNA into the cell
3) Virus forces the cell to make new viral DNA and
viral proteins
4) The new viruses are assembled and fill the cell
5) The cell becomes so full it ruptures, releasing
new viruses

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/immt/PLP/lyticCycle/

Lysogenic cycle (steps)
1) Attachment of the virus to the cell membrane
2) Injection of the viral DNA or RNA into the cell
3) Viral DNA becomes integrated into the host cell’s chromosomes
(now call prophage)
4) Each time the cell replicates, it also passes along a copy of the
provirus
5) At some point there is a signal to enter the lytic cycle
6) The provirus leaves the host chromosome and starts the lytic
cycle
●
Virus that cause herpes simplex I and II, hepatitis B, chicken
pox virus, and HIV all use the lysogenic cycle
Essential questions



What are the two types of reproduction in
viruses?
What happens during the lytic cycle?
Give an example of a virus that goes through
the lysogenic cycle.
Vocabulary
 Retroviruses
Retroviruses

Retrovirus
–
–
–
–
Has RNA at its core
It injects the RNA along with an enzyme into the
host cell
The enzyme reads the RNA and makes
complementary DNA
The double stranded DNA that is formed
becomes a provirus and integrates into the host
DNA
Viruses and Living Cells


Viruses must infect a living cell in order to
grow and reproduce
Viruses are considered a parasite
Warm up



What are three parts of a virus?
How is the lysogenic cycle different than the
lytic?
What virus contains RNA instead of DNA?
Diseases Caused by Bacteria and
Viruses
Bacterial Disease in Humans



Pathogens – a disease-causing agent
About half of human diseases are caused by
bacteria
Bacteria produce disease in one of two general
ways.
–
–
Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected
organism directly by breaking down the cells for food.
Other bacteria release toxins that travel throughout the body
interfering with the normal activity of the host.
Preventing Bacterial Diseases

Vaccine
–
–
–

A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens
Stimulates the body’s immune system to produce an
immunity to the disease
Immunity – the body’s ability to destroy new pathogens
Antibiotics
–
–
Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of
bacteria
Penicillin interfere with the bacteria’s ability to build cell
walls
Warm Up



What is a pathogen?
How does bacteria produce diseases?
Give an example of a bacteria disease.
Warm Up



What is used to treat bacteria? Viruses?
What are two parts of a virus?
What are two differences between a bacteria
and virus?
Disease
Transmission
Symptoms
Treatment
Strep throat
Inhale or ingest
Fever, sore throat,
swollen neck glands
Antibiotic
Tuberculosis
Inhale
Fatigue,fever, night
sweats, cough,
weight loss, chest
pain
Antibiotic
Lyme disease
Bite of infected
insect
Rash at site of bite,
chills, body aches,
joint swelling
Antibiotic
Destruction of tooth
enamel, tooth ache
Remove and fill
the infected area
of tooth
Cholera
Drinking
Diarrhea, vomiting,
contaminated water dehydration
Replace body
fluids, antibiotics
Tetanus
Puncture wound
Open and clean
wound, antibiotic,
give antitoxin
Dental cavities Bacteria in mouth
Stiff jaw, muscle
spasms, paralysis
Controlling Bacteria

There are various methods used to control
bacterial growth, including sterilization,
disinfectants, and food processing.
Viral Disease in Humans


Like bacteria, viruses produce disease by
disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium.
Named after the disease they cause, or the
organism they infect
–
Adenovirus infects the adenoids
(common cold)
Disease
Effect on Body
Transmission
Common cold
Sneezing, sore throat, fever,
headache, muscle aches
Contact with contaminated
objects; droplet inhalation
Influenza
Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal
congestion, headache, dry cough,
fatigue
Contact with contaminated
objects; droplet inhalation
Smallpox
High fever, fatigue, head and back Contact with contaminated
aches, rash
objects; droplet inhalation
AIDS
Helper T cells, which are needed for
normal immune system function, are
destroyed
Contact w/ infected blood or bodily fluids;
pregnant women to babies during birth or
breastfeeding
Chickenpox
Fever and weakness, red, itchy
rash
Contact with rash; droplet
inhalation
Measles
High fever, sore throat, cough, rash,
sneezing, swollen eyelids, white spots
on cheek lining
Droplet inhalation
Hepatitis A
Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain,
appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, fever
Hunan wastes, contaminated
water and food
Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis C
Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain,
appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, joint
pain
Contact with infected blood or
bodily fluids
West Nile
Fever, headache, body ache
Bite from an infected mosquito
Types of viruses

Tumor virus
–
–
Convert or transform normal cells into cancer cells
Examples are:



papillomavirus (causes warts)
hepatitis B
Plant viruses
–
–
Can change the color of the flowers of plants such as tulips,
gladioli and pansies
First virus identified was the tobacco mosaic virus