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Managing Disease Risk
Overview
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Importance of animal agriculture
Biological risk management
Routes of transmission
Prevention practices
Summary
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Animal Agriculture
Iowa 2006
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#1 pork, eggs
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#2 red meat
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17.2 million pigs
51.6 million chickens (layers)
6.5 billion pounds
3.9 million cattle
Cash receipts
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Turkeys - $123 million
Dairy cows - $530 million
Sheep, lambs - $22.2 million
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Food Production Changes
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Number of farms decreasing
Animal numbers rising on some farms
Opportunities
Increasing intensity/specialization
– Efficient food source: U.S. and world
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Challenges
Disease control and eradication
– Devastating economic effects
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HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Minimizing Disease Spread
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Occupation may require farm visits
As a farm visitor, recognize and
minimize the risk of introducing
a disease
Farms becoming more concerned
about who/what is entering
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Visitors, employees, animal traffic
Ask and follow farm biosecurity plan
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Biological Risk
Management (BRM)
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Overall process of
awareness education,
evaluation, and
management
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Designed to improve
disease control
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Foreign and domestic diseases
Provide tools to minimize risk
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Biological Risk
Management (BRM)
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Disease risk cannot be
totally eliminated
Animal, its environment
– Decrease exposure to
disease agents
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Minimize threat to
animals and humans
No one-size-fits-all answer
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Routes of Transmission
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Apply to all infectious agents
Animal must be exposed to
develop disease
Understand different routes of
transmission = Gain control
Risk areas must be identified
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Design protocols to minimize exposure
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Routes of Transmission
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Spread of disease agents
Animal
animal
– Animal
human
“zoonotic”
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Different modes
of transmission
Aerosol
– Direct contact
– Fomite
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HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Oral
– Vector-borne
– Zoonotic
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Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Environmental Contamination
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Disease organism in environment
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Survive in soil, organic material
Animals and humans can acquire
agent(s) through:
Inhalation (aerosol)
– Direct contact
– Fomites
– Oral consumption
– Vectors
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HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Entry
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Some animal viruses can be carried
by fomites
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Truck tires, wheel wells, undercarriage,
footwear, clothing
Walking/driving through animal areas
Pick up viruses/bacteria
Deposit on the road, next farm
Proper cleaning and disinfection is
important
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Entry
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Park in designated area
Carry equipment
to the site
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Inspect equipment
before leaving vehicle
Wash contaminated
objects on farm
Follow posted protocols,
biosecurity plans
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Spread
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Limit contact with animals
Wear protective clothing, footwear
Between animal groups and
prior to leaving operation
Change soiled
protective clothing
– Wash, disinfect
soiled footwear
– Clean, disinfect soiled equipment
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Leave trash on farm
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Preventing Zoonosis
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Protective outer clothing
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Coveralls, water-resistant barriers
Footwear
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Gloves
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Overshoes that can
be cleaned, disinfected
Disposable
Sick, unknown health
status animals
Remove soiled items before leaving
Wash hands
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Zoonotic Disease
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Livestock producers work
with animals daily
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Most have immunity
to various diseases
Immunocompromised
population more
vulnerable to zoonoses
Young and old
– Chemotherapy
– Diabetes
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HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Summary
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Animal agriculture in Iowa
is important
All diseases are transmitted by
a few common routes
Disease risk can be managed
Awareness education is essential
You play a critical role!
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation
was funded by a grant from the
Iowa Homeland Security
and Emergency Management and
the Iowa Department of Agriculture and
Land Stewardship to the
Center for Food Security and Public Health
at Iowa State University.
Contributing Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Danelle BickettWeddle, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Gayle Brown, DVM, PhD
HSEMD, IDALS, CFSPH
Animal Disease Emergency Local Response Preparedness, 2008