* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Blood System - s3.amazonaws.com
Survey
Document related concepts
Schmerber v. California wikipedia , lookup
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
Blood transfusion wikipedia , lookup
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Blood donation wikipedia , lookup
Autotransfusion wikipedia , lookup
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions wikipedia , lookup
Plateletpheresis wikipedia , lookup
Men who have sex with men blood donor controversy wikipedia , lookup
ABO blood group system wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Medical Terminology Essentials - Chapter 12 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. After studying this chapter you will be able to: •Name the parts of the blood & lymph systems and discuss the function of each part. •Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the blood & lymph systems. •Name the common signs, symptoms & diseases •Name the common Medical, Surgical and Diagnostic procedures 2 Structure and Function Blood •Transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to all parts of the body •Helps maintain stability of the body’s fluid volume •Transports waste products away from body cells 3 Blood Composition Blood Composition Fluid Portion Cellular Portion Plasma consisting of: Blood cells consisting •water of: •proteins •red blood cells •salts •white blood cells •nutrients •platelets •vitamins •hormones NOTE: If some proteins and blood cells were removed from plasma the remaining fluid would be 4 called Serum. Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells •Also known as erythrocytes •Produced in the bone marrow in response to erythropoietin •Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is essential to the transport of oxygen Average red blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood Male = 4.6 to 6.4 million Female = 4.2 to 5.4 million 5 Leukocytes Leukocytes •Also known as white blood cells •Function to destroy foreign substances •Two main groups are: • Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes •Also known as thrombocytes •Live for about 10 days •Assist in blood clotting 6 Blood Types Blood Types Blood Types A, B, AB, O •Blood typing is based on the presence of antigens and antibodies. People with type O blood can donate to all other types and are called universal donors. Individuals with type AB are called universal recipients. 7 Combining Forms (agglutin) Meaning Combining Form agglutin (o) agglutinin eosino eosinophil erythr (o) red hemat (o) blood leuk (o) white phag (o) eating, devouring thromb (o) blood clot 8 Dyscrasia is a general term for any disease of the blood with abnormal material present. Anemia •General term for a condition in which red blood cells do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues. •Causes may be related to a low number of cells or due to a low amount of hemoglobin Hemophilia •Hereditary disorder in which there is a lack of the clotting factor VIII 9 Hemophilia Thrombocytopenia •Bleeding disorder with a lack of platelets erythropenia •Low number of red blood cells hemochromatosis •Hereditary disorder that causes excessive iron to build up in the blood •Low number of all blood cells poikilocytosis •Irregularly shaped red blood cells 10 Common Blood Analyses Common Blood Analyses •complete blood count -common screen for basic medical checkup •hematocrit -measures packed red blood cells in a sample •hemoglobin -measures level of hemoglobin in the blood •erythrocyte sedimentation rate -measures rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma 11 Common Blood Analyses •blood chemistry -tests plasma for various substances such as glucose and electrolytes •blood culture -tests a blood specimen in a culture to identify the presence of microorganisms •white blood cell differential -tests number and types of leukocytes •prothrombin time -tests for coagulation defects 12 Surgical Terms Common Procedures Bone Marrow Biopsy •Needle is inserted into the bone marrow cavity and bone marrow is removed for analysis Bone Marrow Transplant •Performed for serious conditions such as leukemia •Donor bone marrow is inserted into the patient’s bone marrow 13 Medical Terminology Essentials - Chapter 13 14 Lymphatic Organs and Structures Lymphatic Structures Lymph •A fluid containing: -water & sugars -white blood cells, protein, salts & waste Lymphocytes • produce antibodies that fight disease •Antigens also fight disease by stimulating an immune response in other cells Lymph Vessels •Carry lymph within the lymphatic system •Lymph capillaries are the smallest of the lymph vessels Lymph Nodes •Specialized organs that produce lymphocytes •Filter harmful substances from the tissues •Contain macrophages that devour foreign substances 15 Organs of the Lymphatic System Organs of the Lymphatic System Spleen -largest lymphatic organ -located in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity -filters foreign material from the blood -destroys old red blood cells -activates lymphocytes Thymus Gland -soft gland with two lobes -larger during infancy and childhood -contains important cells called thymocytes -T cells - lymphocytes provide immunity -thymosin aids with T cell movement 16 Combining Forms & Combining Form Meaning Abbreviations (aden) gland aden (o) immun (o) lymph (o) immunity lymph lymphaden (o) lymph nodes lymphangi (o) lymphatic vessels splen (o) thym (o) tox (o) spleen thymus poison 17 Pathological Terms Diseases of the lymph and immune system that flourish are those diseases which suppress the immune response. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most widespread immunosuppresive disease. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma •A type of lymph cancer that appears in early adulthood and the cause or origin is uncertain •Involves the lymph nodes and spleen Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma •A type of cancer of the lymph nodes in which some of the cells resemble healthy cells •Usually appears during mid-life •Malignant cells resemble large lymphocytes 18 Non-malignant Diseases Non-malignant Diseases Sarcoidosis •Inflammatory condition that can affect lung functioning Infectious Mononucleosis •Also called the kissing disease •An acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus •Swollen lymph nodes are a common symptom 19 Allergy Facts Allergy Facts •Allergies are due to the production of the IgE antibodies against an allergen •Hypersensitivity increases as exposure increases •Anaphylaxis may occur which is life-threatening if the allergy is severe Autoimmune Diseases •Conditions in which the body’s immune system turns against its own healthy tissue Examples Lupus, Scleroderma & Rheumatoid Arthritis 20 CT Scans are used frequently to diagnose abnormalities of the lymph organs Blood tests that indicate the number and condition of the white blood cells are used in diagnosing lymph and immune system diseases 21 Surgical Terms Cancer of the lymph system may require a lymph-node dissection. •lymph-node dissection removal of a lymph node •lymphadenotomy -incision into a lymph node •splenectomy -removal of the spleen •thymectomy -removal of the thymus gland 22 What’s Next?