Download The Rise of the cities

THE
RISE OF THE
CITIES
CHAPTER 6 SECTION 2
THE POPULATION EXPLOSION
• Between 1800 and 1900, the
population in Europe doubles
despite families having less children
• WHY?
–Death rate fell
–Nutrition improved as a result of
better farming, food storage and
distribution
–Improved sanitation
–Medical Advances
THE FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE
• People had prior knowledge of
the microscopic organisms
(microbes).
• However, many did not believe in
the GERM THEORY
–The theory that infectious
diseases are caused by certain
microbes.
THE FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE
• LOUIS PASTEUR
• French chemist showed the link
between microbes and disease in
1870
• Created the vaccine for anthrax
and rabies
• Discovered pasteurization
–The process of killing disease
carrying microbes in milk
THE FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE
ROBERT KOCH
• German Doctor
• Identified the bacterium that
caused tuberculosis in the 1880’s
– Responsible for 30 million deaths
• By 1914 yellow fever and malaria
had been traced to mosquitos
HOSPITAL CARE IMPROVES
• Despite this, hospitals could still
be dangerous.
• Surgery was performed with dirty
instruments in dark rooms.
• Patient who survived surgery
often died shortly from infections.
• Wealthy people had their
surgeries at home, while the poor
went to hospitals.
HOSPITAL CARE IMPROVES
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• British nurse
• Fought to improve hospital
sanitation
• Dropped death rate of injured
English from 60% to 2% during
the Crimean War
• Opened the first nursing school
HOSPITAL CARE IMPROVES
JOSEPH LISTER
• English Surgeon
• Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
• Insisted surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands
before operating.
• Reduced deaths from infection
CITY LIFE CHANGES
• Growing wealth of
industrialization changed the
layout of European cities.
• Many cites went through
URBAN RENEWAL
– The rebuilding of poor areas
of a city
• Paris went through this
under Napoleon III’s rule
CITY LIFE CHANGES
• Streets began to be paved
• Gas and then later electric street lights made cities
brighter and safer.
• Sewer systems made cities healthier and cut death rates.
• Steel allowed architects to build taller building than before.
CITY LIFE CHANGES
City Struggles continued:
• Despite changes, the
poor still lived in
tenement housing
• Unemployment or
illness could ruin a
family
• High crime rates and
alcoholism were
common.
CITY LIFE CHANGES
The Lure of City Life
• Cities still attracted millions
• Music halls, operas, and theaters
offered entertainment
• Museums and libraries educated
people
• Sporting events included tennis
and bare knuckle boxing
THE WORKING CLASS ADVANCES
• Labor unions begin to grow
• Workers formed MUTUAL AID
SOCIETIES
– Self-help groups that aided sick and
injured workers.
• Increased voting rights allowed men
to win the right to unionize.
• In places like Germany, pensions
(retirement) and disability (injured
or sick leave) was granted
THE WORKING CLASS ADVANCES
The STANDARD OF LIVING
– The quality and availability of
necessities and comfort in a society
• Wages varied with men making
more money than women,
children, and minorities
• People enjoyed improved in diets,
housing, and cost for mass
produced items.
• The gap between the lower and
middle class still widened.