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Chapter 17 Biological and Chemical Hazards Questions for Today • What are the different Biological Hazards we come in contact with? • What are some major infectious diseases and their causes? • How do we slow down the spread of AIDS? • What are the different Chemical Hazards we come in contact with? • What are ways to prevent Chemical Toxins from entering our body? Types of Diseases • Three types of diseases: – Nontransmissible Disease: caused by something other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another • Cardiovascular disease, Cancers, Asthma, Diabetes, and malnutrition – Infectious Disease: caused when a pathogen invades the body and multiplies it’s cells and tissues • Flu, HIV, malaria, TB, and measles – Transmissible disease: an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another • Flu, HIV, malaria, TB, and measles Antibiotics, Life-span, and Outbreaks • With the onset of antibiotics and vaccines, the life expectancies of most countries have gone up. • Infectious disease are still a major concerns due to outbreaks. – Epidemic: large-scale outbreak of infectious disease is an area or country – Pandemic: GLOBAL epidemic, such as AIDS. • One of the major setbacks in prevention of the spread of infectious disease is the fact that we live in a very global age. – If there is an epidemic in China, it can easily spread to America due to air travel. The Top three killers • The world’s top three viral killers are – Influenza – HIV – Hepatitis B • Other major killers and their causes: – Cholera/Diptheria (Bacterial) – Malaria (Protozoan, Mosquito Transferred) – Tuberculosis (Bacterial) Slowing down AIDS • Reduce number of new infections • Concentrate on the groups in society that are most likely to spread the disease – Sex Workers – IV drug users – Soldiers • Free HIV testing • Mass-advertisement and Education program geared towards adults and childten • Free or low cost drugs to slow the progress • Increase Funding for research Antibiotic Resistance • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus • Resistance due to overuse and unsustainable use of antibiotic and antibacterial drugs and sanitizers. – Example of Natural Selection • YOU HAVE TO COMPLETE YOUR ANTIBIOTICS EVEN AFTER YOU FEEL BETTER! Emergent Disease • Emergent disease are those that have mutated from a strain that previously didn’t affect humans. • Killer (emergent) viruses – West Nile Virus • Mosquito Transferred – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • Spread through saliva droplets – Avian Flu – Swine Flu • Be knowledgeable about the situation before panicking. – Help curb Mass Hysteria Chemical Hazards • Different types of chemicals can cause harm • Toxic Chemicals: a chemical that can cause temporary or permanent harm to a person – Carcinogens – cancer causing agents • Arsenic, Benzene, formaldehyde, Radiation, etc. • Found in Tobacco Smoke, UV Radiation from Tanning Beds or Xrays, and Vinyl Chloride in the creation of PVC. – Mutagens – cause genetic mutations • Ingestion of Nitrites, Nitrous acid and other food preservatives • Benzene from the creation of plastics • UV rays from Tanning Beds and X-Rays Chemical Hazards (Toxins) • Teratogens – cause birth defects – Drinking alcohol, exposure to lead dust, arsenic, formaldehyde, PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyls) • Neurotoxins – affect nervous systems – PCBs, Methyl Mercury, arsenic, lead, types of pesticides Chemical Hazards (Hormonal) • Hormonally active agents (HAA) – Mimic Hormones – Aluminium, atrazine, DDT, PCBs, bisphenol A • Hormone Blockers – Gender Benders • PCBs, DDT • Thyroid Disruptors – Effect weight, growth, and behavior Prevention of Chemical Hazards • Education is the Key • Government Standards on the emission of chemicals through laws. – – – – Clean Water Act Clean Air Act FIFRA NEPA 1969