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Transcript
Introduction to clinic of infectious diseases Infectio – Latin word “to infect, contaminate” Infectious process - interrelation of pathogenic microorganism and macroorganism in environment conditions D. Fracastori (1478 - 1553) D. Samoylovych (1724 - 1810) E. Jenner (1749 - 1823) R. Koch (1843 - 1910) L. Pasture (1822 - 1895) I. I. Mechnikov (1845 - 1916) Peculiarities of infectious diseases Contagenicity – dangerous for surrounding people Specificity – every disease has the specific infectious agent Periodicity – incubation period; initial (prodromal) period; period of acute illness; period of convalescence or reconvalescence. Post-infection immunity Cyclicity – ability to epidemic spreading after some period of time Interrelations Species inherited immunity Symbiosis: Synoikia – mutual being, when one species uses another as a living place without harming it Mutualism – symbiosis, that is profitable for both organisms Commensalism – one organism gets a benefit from other without harming it Parasitism – microorganism (parasite) feeds with the saps or tissues of the host harming it. Most infectious diseases belong to this kind of symbiosis Endogenous diseases (autoinfections) – caused by human own microflora (pathogenic or half-parasites) of the skin, respiratory or alimentary tracts, conjuctive, genitals diseases – caused after penetration of the microorganisms from the environment Exogenous Basic negative factors affecting immune system: Human demographics and behavior Technology and industry Economic development and land use International travel and commerce Microbial adaptation and change Violation of public health measures Intensity of epidemiologic process: Sporadic Epidemic Pandemic Classification of infectious diseases symptoms according to their diagnostic importance: (by J. Bilibin) I. II. Main symptoms (pathognostic) : symptoms which are characteristic for one disease only. Supporting or optional symptoms: symptoms, which are may be present in some infectious diseases, they give possibility to differentiate diseases. Diagnostic methods: Clinical: • investigation • epidemiological anamnesis Laboratory: • virological • bacteriological • parasitological • serological • allergic • biological • immunoenzyme etc, Points of epidemiological anamnesis: Life style and living conditions of the patient Patient’s occupation Previous diseases and preventive vaccinations Basic symptoms of infectious diseases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Fever Rash Diarrhea Respiratory syndrome Jaundice Meningeal signs Lymphoadenopathy etc Fever conditions: (acute) temperature rise – patient clearly fix the hour of the disease onset Gradual rise Fast Classification of fevers: (37,0 – 37.9 0C) Moderate (38,0 – 39,9 0C) High (40,0 – 40,9 0C) Hyperpyrexia (41 0C and higher) Subfebrile Types of fever curves: Constant fever (febris continua) Remittent fever (febris remittens) Intermittent fever (febris intermittens) Recurrent fever (febris recurrens) Undulant fever (febris undulans) Hectic fever (febris hectica) Distorted fever (febris inversa) Acute undulating fever (febris undulans acuta) Relapsing fever (febris recidiva) Elements of exanthema: Roseola Macula Papula Erythema Tuberculum Nodus Urtica (hives) Vesicula Pustula Herpes Bulla (blister) Hemorrhage (petechiae, purpura, ecchimosis) Erosio Ulcus Dyschromia cutis Squama Crusta Cicatrix Roseola Red or purple-red Diameter 2-5 mm Spherical form Macula Similar to roseola Diameter 5-20 mm Color same as roseola’s Papule Red or purple-red Diameter 1-20 mm Proliferation of epidermis with vasodilatation Erythema Result of large maculae joining Inflammatory fields Diameter from 2 cm and higher Tuberculum Formations without cavities Granulematous inflammatory infiltrate Node Limited dense formation Diameter 1-5 cm Spherical or oval form Vesicula Small cavity formation containing serous or serouse-hemorrhagic fluid Half-round element Diameter from 1 to 5 mm After damaged erosion develops Bulla (Blister) Cavity formation Dimension up to 10 cm Hemorrhages Extravasation into the skin Different kinds and dimensions Ulcer A deep defect of the skin (epidermis, derma, underline tissues) Enanthema – rashes on the mucous membranes Thanks For Your Attention!