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Chapter 37
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How might disease organisms be spread to
the people in the setting below?
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Pathogen : agents that cause infectious
disease
◦ Ex. Bacteria, Virus, protozoans, fungi and parasites
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Disease reservoir- source of the pathogen
in the environment.
Can be animals, people, or inanimate
objects, such as soil.
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1. Humans are the main reservoir for
pathogens that affect humans.
2. An individual that is symptom-free but
capable of passing the pathogen is called a
carrier
◦ Ex. Flu or HIV
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1. Other animals also are reservoirs of
pathogens that can be passed to humans.
2. Swine Flu / Bird Flu
3. Rabies
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1. Soil (Tetanus bacteria)
2. Contaminate Food or Water (feces)
Direct contact
Vectors
Indirect contact through air
Indirect contact by objects
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1. Direct Contact: Mononucleosis and STDs
are passed from one individual to another
through direct connections
2. Indirect Contact: pathogen passed through
air (sneezing, coughing) or on objects (door
knobs)
3. Vectors: carried through another organism
(ticks-limes disease, mosquito – West Nile
Virus)
1. Coughing
A. Direct Contact
2. STD
B. Indirect Contact
3. Tick – Lime’s Disease
C. Vector
4. Touching Door handle
When you become ill, why do you feel those
aches and pains, and why do you cough and
sneeze?
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A. Virus multiples and exits cell through
exocytosis or cell bursting.
◦ 1. Damages tissues and kills some cells
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B. Bacteria can produce harmful toxins and
chemicals
◦ 1. Toxins can be carried through blood and
damage cells throughout the body
◦ 2. Ex. Tetanus – nervous system
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1. A(n) _______ is an agent that causes an
infectious disease.
2. Malaria is transferred to an individual by a
mosquito. The mosquito is a ______________.
3. A source of disease organisms is called
a(n) _________________.
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A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO)
study patterns of disease
B. Endemic Disease: Continually found in
small amounts in the population
◦ Ex. Common Cold
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C. Epidemic: Large outbreak of a disease in
an area
D. Pandemic: Spread to a large region
(Country)
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A. Antibiotic - substance that can kill or
inhibit the growth of other microorganisms
◦
◦
◦
◦
1. Penicillium
2. Erythromycin
3. Neomycin
4. Gentamicin
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B. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
◦ 1. New drug therapies have been developed to treat
bacteria infections.
1. True or False:
All bacteria and viruses cause disease.
2. West Nile Virus is an example of a disease
which is spread by _______.
A.
direct contact
B.
indirect contact by objects
C.
indirect contact through the air
D.
vectors
3. What is a disease reservoir?
A.
the source of a pathogen
B.
the organ the pathogen infects
C.
the medium that transmits the pathogen
D.
the set of symptoms caused by the pathogen
4. What are the most common vectors that
transmit diseases?
A.
arthropods
B.
mammals
C.
chemical toxins
D.
tiny mucus droplets
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1. A(n) _______ is an agent that causes an
infectious disease.
2. When a disease becomes widespread in a
particular area it is called a(n) ______________.
3. A source of disease organisms is called
a(n) _________________.
5. What is the source of most antibiotics?
A.
bacteria
B.
fungi
C.
protists
D.
plants
6. Identify the term used to describe a large
outbreak of a disease in one area.
A.
endemic
B.
epidemic
C.
pandemic
D.
systematic
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I. Nonspecific Immunity
◦ A. The body has a number of defenses in the
immune system that fight off pathogens.
◦ B. Skin Barriers
◦ C. Chemical Barriers (tears, saliva, and nasal
secretions contain lysozyme)
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A. The body has nonspecific immune
responses to pathogens that get beyond its
barriers.
◦ 1. Cellular Defense: Phagocytosis of white blood
cells
◦ 2. Interferon: Protein secreted by cells to “kill”
viruses
◦ 3. Inflammatory Response: increase blood flow to
infected area
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A. Bacteria or Viruses have specific proteins
attached to each molecule (antigens)
B. When immune system detects an antigen,
it produces antibodies (molecules that bind to
that particular antigen)
C. Antigen + Antibody = destruction by body
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A. B and T Cells are types of white blood cells
B. B Cells produce antibodies proteins that
will bind with only that antigen
C. Memory B Cell: recognize specific antigens
for life
D. Cytotoxic T Cell: recognize cells in the
body that are infected, punching holes in
membrane (killing cells)
E. Helper T Cells: helps create B cells and
Cytotoxic T Cells
◦ Ex. HIV infect these cells
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A. Overreaction to common substances
(mold, pollen, certain foods, etc.)
B. Antibodies made cause histamines
(chemicals) to be released from cells
C. Cause fluid in nasal passages, hives, ect.
D. Antihistamine
1. Which substance kills pathogens by breaking
down bacterial cell walls?
A. cytokine
B. hydrochloric acid
C. interferon
D. lysozyme
2. Which white blood cells are the antibody
factories?
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. cytotoxic T cells
D. macrophages
3. What can be injected into a person that will
inactivate the venom from a snakebite or
scorpion sting?
A. antibodies
B. cytokines
C. lymphocytes
D. macrophages
4. How are most viral diseases fought?
A. with antibiotics
B. with antiviral drugs
C. with chemical agent
D. by the body’s immune system