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Measles Virus
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Symptoms
Measles prodrome Prior to the appearance of the rash,
the patient suffers from prodromal illness with
conjunctivitis, swelling of the eyelids, photophobia,
high fevers to 105° F, hacking cough and malaise.
* Koplik's Spots :
Koplik's spots. A day or 2 before the rash,
the patient develops small red-based lesions with bluewhite centers in the mouth. Think of a cop licking a
red-white-blue lollipop.
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Rash: •
The measles rash is red .
It spreads out from the forehead to the
face, neck, and torso, and hits the feet
by the third day,
As the measles rash spreads
downward,the initial rash on the head
and shoulders coalesces.
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•
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis of measles requires a
history of fever of at least three days, with at
least one of the three C's (cough, coryza,
conjunctivitis).
Observation of Koplik's spots is also
diagnostic of measles.
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Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can •
be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM
antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from
respiratory specimens. In patients where
phlebotomy not possible, saliva can be collected for
salivary measles-specific IgA testing.
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Mumps
Mumps is one of the commonly acquired viral •
diseases of childhood and is the most
common cause of aseptic meningitis.
However, its incidence in developed countries
has decline dramatically since the advent of
vaccination
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E. Laboratory Diagnosis
During mumps infection, several non- •
specific findings may be present in the
blood. The WBC may be low with
lymphocytes predominating. ESR and
CRP may be normal or slightly elevated.
Amylase levels may be elevated
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1. Serology
a serological diagnosis is usually made by finding a significant •
increase in Ab titres in 2 serum samples taken 10 - 14 days
apart. In some cases, the detection of IgM may be used to
diagnosis acute infection. Although only 1 serotype of mumps
exist, cross-reactions between mumps virus and
paramyxovirus makes serological results difficult to interpret
on occasions. Several techniques are available :
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CFT
the CFT is still the widely used for the diagnosis of mumps. •
Two antigenic preparations are commonly used, the V antigen
(consists mainly of HN glycoprotein), and the S antigen
(consists mainly of the NP). Antibodies against S appear early
and are short-lived, whilst antibodies to V antigens appear
slowly but persists longer. By comparing titres using the two
different antigens, it is often possible to make a serological
diagnosis early in the course of illness. However, due to
problems with cross-reactivity, a paired serum sample is
always needed for a reliable by CFT.
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Solid phase ELISA or RIA
- various assays are available for the determination of IgM and •
IgG. However, capture IgM assays are liable to interference
from Rheumatoid Factor. Elisa tests are useful in the
measurement of mumps antibodies in CSF. The greater
sensitivity allows the determination of the exact CSF/serum
ratio and a ratio of greater than 100 signifies intrathecal
synthesis. However, the blood-brain barrier should be intact
and proper controls should be used. This may be an unrelated
antibody or albumin.
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Rubella
Is a contagious viral disease and is one of the lightest infectious diseases •
unit and most safety especially if there are injuries in early childhood
cause skin rashes, red tilted to the color pink, first appears on the face and
quickly spread throughout the body but a woman is pregnant German
measles in the first three months of pregnancy leads to multiple
congenital abnormalities such as cardiac abnormalities, deafness and eye
injury
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Complications of the disease
The most important complications of rubella is •
a congenital rubella syndrome, where CRS has
caused birth defects of the fetus when the
mother is pregnant Iilath German measles in
the first months of pregnancy.
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Rubella virus
is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of •
congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks
of lunacy. Humans are the only known host of this virus Rubella virus is the
only member of the genus of Rubivirus and belongs to the family of
Togaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of single-stranded
RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid. The
RNA-genome inside the capsid has a length of approximately 9,757
nucleotides and encodes for two non-structural as well as three structural
proteins The capsid protein and the two glycosylated envelope proteins E1
.and E2 make up for the three structural proteins
The molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are •
not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that
Rubella virus has an apoptotic effect on certain cell types. There is
evidence for a p53-dependent mechanism
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Method of infection and spread:
Transmitted measles
German by infection by
aerosols (ie, inhaling air
that contains a virus
disease) from an infected
person to person through
respiratory secretions like
sneezing or nasal mucus
infection occurs, and if the
fetus moves to infection
through the placenta from
the mother infected
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D - a pain in the joints.
E - not continue to rise in temperature and skin rash for more
than three days, with spreading rash of the face to the rest of
the body and disappears rapidly during that period, so-called
disease is sometimes "measles three days", and swollen
lymph may continue for a period of 70-10 days
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Diagnosis
Rubella virus can be isolated from nasal, blood, throat,
urine and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from rubella and
CRS cases. Virus may be isolated from the pharynx 1
week before and until 2 weeks after rash onset. Although
isolation of the virus is diagnostic of rubella infection,
viral cultures are labor intensive and therefore, not done
in many laboratories; they are generally not used for
routine diagnosis of rubella. Viral isolation is an extremely
valuable epidemiologic tool, and should be attempted for
all suspected cases of rubella or CRS.
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Serology is the most common method of confirming
the diagnosis of rubella. Acute rubella infection can be
serologically confirmed by a significant rise in rubella
antibody titer in acute and convalescent serum
specimens or by the presence of serum rubella IgM.
Sera should be collected as early as possible (within
7–10 days) after onset of illness, and again 14-21
days (minimum of 7) days later.
There are three different serologic tests:
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Treatment (treatment of German measles):
Does not need more people with German
measles for treatment, and there they all need to
rest until the symptoms disappear.
In addition to taking paracetamol to reduce
temperature and pain relief, if any
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