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Answers to Question about
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Nosebleeds
[Epistaxis]
Nosebleeds
• 60% occurrence –
ruptured blood vessels
• Most common cause:
increased blood
pressure
• Cure: waiting for blood
to clot
– Pinch nostrils together
(Little’s Area)
Nosebleed Factors
Blunt trauma
Nose-picking
Allergies
Drugs (snorting/Aspirin)
Alcohol
Nasal Sprays
Heart Problems
Dry/Not Humid Air
Otic Barotrauma
• Damage to body
tissues from
difference in pressure
• Ex. An airplane
landing
• Underwater in a deep
pool
• Going from high
pressure to low
pressure 
nosebleed!
Disorders of the Blood
Hemostasis
•
•
Hemostasis – Stoppage of Blood Flow
Three Stages:
1. Platelet Plug Formation (platelets activated)
2. Vascular Spasms (serotonin) – Blood vessels
•
Decreases blood loss until clotting
3. Coagulation (clotting – platelets and fibrinogen)
•
Can take 3-6 minutes
Not Enough Hemostasis!!!
Hemophilia and
Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia
• When cut, your blood is
unable to clot
– Lacks platelets or
fibrinogen
• Hereditary
• Only found in males
• Carrier females ONLY
• Popularly found in royal
family members
(England and Russia)
Queen Victoria’s Lineage
Thrombocytopenia
• Not enough circulating
PLATELETS (blood clotting)
• Small purplish blotches on
skin (spontaneous bleeding)
• Can be due to lack of
Vitamin K (leafy greens)
• Negatively affect liver
function (clotting factors)
Quick Quiz 1 of 2
• What is the MAIN GOAL of hemostasis?
• How is hemophilia different from
thrombocytopenia (hint: how do you get
it?)
• What can you do to prevent getting
thrombocytopenia in your diet?
When Clotting Goes Too Far…
THROMBUS
• Persistent clotting in blood vessels
• Can lead to heart attack (pulmonary thrombus)
• Embolus = free-floating clot
– Can cause heart attack or stroke!
• Common in immobilized patients (people in
comas)
– Slowly flowing blood
Heart Attacks and Tylenol
• Heart attack (Myocardial
Infarction) – when blood
supply to heart blocked
off
• Tylenol = anti-coagulant
• Taking one/two pills can
increase chances of
surviving heart attack
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Anemia – Irondeficiency due to lack
of hemoglobin
• Sickle cells – moonshaped RBCs
• Less surface area =
less hemoglobin =
less iron = anemia!
• Hereditary!
Sickle Cell and Malaria
• High prevalence in African Americans, why?
• Malaria – mosquito-borne infectious disease
that attacks blood cells
– Started thousands of years ago
• 90% deaths from Malaria = Sub-Saharan
Africa
• Sickle cells = immune to malaria
Leukemia – “White Blood”
• Cancer of the bone marrow
– Most common cancer in children
• Bone marrow = stem cells
– Make RBCs, WBCs and platelets
• Stem cells produce immature, abnormal
and nonfunctional WBCs in large amounts
– Leaves body open to opportunistic infection
• Cure: Bone Marrow transplant (difficult)
Leukemia Post- WWII
• 1945 – Atomic Bomb
in Hiroshima
– Ending WWII in Japan
• Radiation  Cancer
(Leukemia)
• Killed 140,000
• Sadako and the
Thousand Paper
Cranes – Eleanor
Coerr
Quick Quiz 2 of 2
• What is the name of the free-floating clot
resulting from a thrombus?
• Which cells are DIRECTLY AFFECTED by
Leukemia (test question)
• If something is an anti-coagulant (Tylenol),
what does that mean?
Artificial Blood Substitutes
An Ethical Dilemma
Problems with Donating
Human Blood
• Short lifespan (RBCs = 3-7 days)
• Antibodies  unwanted clotting
between blood types
– (Type A  Type B)
Solution?: Cow Blood
Hemopure:
Purified hemoglobin (oxygen carrier)
No problems with antibodies
BUT…
It’s Bovine (Cow) – based!
Mad Cow Disease!!