Download Examples of Spatial Diffusion: Disease Diffusion

Place/Space, Site/Situation, and
Spatial Distributions Review
AP Human Geography
Bell Ringer
• 3 weeks in to class, how would you define
“human geography”? Write your definition in
your notebook.
Human Geography
• Geography
– Geo= Earth
– Graph= Writing
– So, literally, Geography means “writing about the
earth”
• Human Geography focuses on patterns and
processes that shape human interaction with
the built and natural environments.
Place
• A location on the earth’s surface with a
distinctive characteristic
Space
• A two-dimensional area that contains a
number of places and boundaries that may or
may not be clearly defined.
Sense of Place
• A set of meanings attach to an area,
particularly to the people who know that
place well. You can use your five senses when
thinking about/describing this place.
Diffusion
• The movement of a phenomenon from one
location to another.
Disease Diffusion
• Refers to the spread of a disease into new
locations
Barriers to Diffusion
• Some physical features act as a barrier towards
diffusion, including:
– Mountains
– Bodies of water
• Political and Economic boundaries may also limit the
spread of disease.
• Travel restrictions and screening of travelers can
form ‘human’ barriers.
• Public health advice can also help in some cases.
Types of Diffusion
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Relocation diffusion
Contagious diffusion
Hierarchal diffusion
Network diffusion
Relocation Diffusion
• Occurs when the spreading disease moves
into new areas, leaving behind its origin or
source of the disease, for example a person
infected with HIV moving into a new location.
Contagious Diffusion
• The spread of
an infectious
disease
through the
direct contact
of individuals
with those
infected.
Hierarchal Diffusion
• Occurs when a
phenomenon spreads
through an ordered
sequence of classes or
places, for example
from cities to large
urban areas to small
urban areas.
Network Diffusion
• Occurs when a
disease spreads via
transportation and
networks, for
example the spread
of HIV in southern
Africa along transport
routes.
Frictional Effect of Distance (Distance
Decay)
• Suggests that areas that are
closer to the source of
something (like a disease)
are more likely to be
affected by it, whereas
areas further away from
the source are less likely to
be affected and/or will be
affected at a later date.
Time-Space Convergence
• Time-space Convergence as the process that
seems to bring places and people closer
together, in terms of communicational
distance, through the improvement of
communication and transportation
technology.
Time-Space Convergence
• Although absolute distance remains the same
between two places, the relative distance
decreases as the places become increasingly
interconnected through technological and
transportation routes.
• Example: The distance between Chicago and Taiwan
remains the same as it was 80 years ago, but people
in Chicago and Taiwan are relatively closer because
they can communicate quickly via email and airline
travel.
Time-Space Convergence and
Distance Decay
• Time-Space Convergence reduces distance
decay, the degree that distance is a barrier to
communication and travel and the spread of
ideas.
Example: with improved telephone and internet
connection on top of more available and affordable
air travel, the degree that distance inhibits travel and
communications is diminishing. This simplifies the
transmission or trade of ideas, information, and
goods among individuals or groups.
Positive Impacts of Time-Space
Convergence
• increased trade
• employment opportunities for those in less
developed countries.
• Increased media coverage of wars and
conflicts
• Improved travel to holy places
• Improved oil transport and trade
• Ideas spread quickly and easily
Negative Impacts of Time-Space
Convergence
• movement of industry out of the US and into
areas that can pay people less
• invasion of culture (ie MTV)
• increase in sweatshops at worker’s expense
Site and Situation
AP Human Geography
What is the best location for a large
city?
• Near Water
• Near Resources
• Where else?...........
Patterns of urban development occur
according to the site and situation of
locations:
Where it is and what’s around it.
Site and Situation
Patterns of urban development
occur according to the site and
situation of locations: Where it
is and what’s around it.
What is meant by site?
Site is the actual location of a city.
Cities will grow and prosper in locations that offer some advantages.
Examples of Site
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•
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Harbor sites: the site of a natural harbor
Island sites: the site of islands in strategic locations
Confluence sites: the site where rivers converge
Hilltop sites: the site at the top of a hill
Oasis sites: the site in the desert where caravans
stopped for water
New York City
became a major
city because it is
located on a
natural harbor.
Paris, France became a
major city because it is
located on an Island in
the Seine River.
Hong Kong, China became a major city because
it is located on an Island.
What is meant by situation?
Situation is another name for
relative location—the location of a
city with respect to other geographic
features, regions, resources, and
transport routes.
Examples of Situation
• Command of land between rivers
• Focal point of religious pilgrimage
• Along trade routes
• Supply station for ships
• Along the U.S. Transcontinental Railroad
Baghdad, Iraq became a major city because it commands the
land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Cape Town, South Africa
grew up on the
southern tip of Africa
because it supplied
ships when they
traveled from Europe to
Asia
Omaha, Nebraska and Sacramento, California developed on
the Transcontinental railroad in the USA
Omaha, Nebraska
Sacramento, California