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Chapter
16
Infectious Illnesses
Elizabeth Lytle, MPH, BSN, RN
Los Altos School District
Topics Of Focus For This Chapter
Infectious
Disease
Causes and spread
Common infectious diseases
Infection
Process and immune
response
Prevention
Colds and flu
Disorders
Immune system disorders
Agents Of Infection
Viruses
Require our cells to reproduce
Viral diseases: flu, herpes, hepatitis, HIV
Fungi, Protozoa and Parasitic Worms
Fungi release enzymes to digest cells (athlete’s
foot)
Protozoa release enzymes and toxins to destroy
cells (giardiasis)
Worms attack certain tissues or organs and
compete with host for nutrients (schistosomiasis)
Agents Of Infection
Bacteria
Release enzymes to digest body cell or create
toxins
Bacterial Diseases:
tuberculosis, scarlet fever, gonorrhea,
diphtheria, tetanus
Four Vectors That Spread Infections
Vector
Method
1. People
Touch, sexual contact, in air
Animals &
2.
Insects
Touch, ingestion, and bites
3. Food
Eating infected food
4. Water
Inadequate water
purification
Process of Infection
Prodromal
Period
• Time between
invasion and
symptoms
Incubation
• Highly contagious
• Illness surfaces
• Body’s forces
gain advantage
• Destroys invader
and heals
Recovery
Role Of Immune System In Infection
Increased
blood supply
brings oxygen
& nutrients
White Blood Cells
Invader
reaches
bloodstream
Inflammation
Make
antibodies
Systemic Disease
Attempt
to kill
invader
B Cells
T Cells
Immune System’s Role In Infection
Fight
infection
and clean
up
Allergies Are An Immune Disorder
Defined
Immune
Process
Hypersensitivity to substance in
environment or diet
Reacts as if defending against germ
Creates IgE antibody to substance
IgE causes histamine release when
substance is encountered
Oral medication
Treatment Nasal spray
Immunotherapy
Autoimmune Disorders
Immune
Process
Impact
Immune system attacks body’s cells,
tissues or organs
Affect 3 times as many women as men
Top 10 killer and disabler of Americans
Addison’s disease
Examples
Crohn’s disease
Lupus erythematosus
Multiple sclerosis
Prevention of Cold
1. Avoid people with colds
Sneeze and cough into tissue, then throw
2.
it away
3. Clean surfaces with disinfectant
4. Don’t touch nose, eyes or mouth
5. Wash hands often with soap and water
6. Dry hands thoroughly
Prevention of Influenza
1. Get vaccinated
2. Reduce time in crowded settings
3. Improve airflow in living space
4. Do not share eating dishes and utensils
5. Wash hands often with soap and water
6. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth
7. Stay in good general health
Meningitis
Disease
Attacks membranes around brain and
spinal cord
Droplet transmission
Transmitted Sharing drinks, silverware, cigarettes,
kissing, sneezing, coughing
Vaccine protects against 4 of 5 strains
Treatment
If disease is contracted, emergency
medical care required
Hepatitis A, B and C
Disease
Attacks the liver
A – poor sanitation
B – blood and bodily fluids incl. sweat
Transmitted
C – blood, illegal drug use, tattoos, body
piercings
Interferon for Hepatitis C
Treatment
Rest and high protein diet
Avoidance of alcohol and drugs that
stress liver
Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus
Disease
Virus in herpes family; Epstein-Barr can
cause mononucleosis in adolescents or
young adulthood
Transmitted Kissing or other close contact
Rest as needed
Treatment
Avoid physical activity that could rupture
the spleen
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Disease
Complex disorder causing profound
fatigue that does not improve with bed
rest and may get worse with activity
No known cure
Treatment Combination of therapies can relieve
symptoms
Herpes Gladiatorum
Disease
Cluster of blisters on face, trunk or
extremities
Skin to skin contact
Transmitted Most common among wrestlers, judo
players
No treatment
Treatment
Avoid contact with others when lesions
are present
Group A and B Strep Infection
Disease
Sore throat
Antibiotics
Untreated infection can cause
rheumatic fever
Treatment
Untreated strep infection can cause
shock syndrome requiring emergency
medical treatment
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Disease
Associated with use of tampons.
Caused by staph and strep bacteria
releasing toxins into bloodstream
Antibiotics
If shock occurs:
Treatment
• Hospitalization
• IV fluids and medications to raise
blood pressure
• Powerful antibiotics
MRSA—The Superbug
Disease
Bacterial infection resistant to
antibiotics methicillin and penicillin
Enter body through scrape, burn or
Transmitted surgical incision
Through touch
Treatment Appropriate antibiotics
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections
Lyme
Disease
West Nile
Virus
Avian
Influenza
Spread through ticks
Treated with antibiotics
Spread by infected mosquito
No specific treatment
Virus spread from bird to human
through contact
No specific treatment
SARS Virus
Disease
Acute respiratory syndrome often
resulting in pneumonia
Close face-to-face contact
Transmitted
Droplet from cough or sneeze
Treatment
No specific treatment
Disease Spread Through Bioterrorism
Anthrax
Small Pox
Spread through exposure to spores
Inoculation prevents infection
No treatment
Muscle paralyzing disease
Botulism
Treatment is anti-toxin
Spread through blood or body fluids
Tularemia of infected animal, bite of infected
animal, contaminated water or air
Common Reproductive Tract Infections
Bacterial
Vaginitis
Spread through sexual contact
Treatment is antibiotic
Spread through sexual contact
Yeast
Infection
Also caused by chemical imbalance
of vagina
Treatment is antifungal medication
Trichomoniasis
Spread through sexual contact
Treatment is antibiotic
Urinary Tract Infections
Usually caused by bacteria
Disease
Untreated, can lead to bladder or
kidney infection and failure
Pregnancy
Bike riding
Bubble bath, douches, diaphragm
Risk Factors
Urinary stones
Enlargement of prostate
Vaginitis
Treatment
Antibiotics
Tips to Protect Your Health
• WASH YOUR HANDS!!!!
• SNEEZE INTO YOUR ELBOW OR USE A
TISSUE
• DON’T COME TO SCHOOL OR GO TO
WORK WHEN SICK
• DON’T SHARE THINGS
Ted Talk
Nathan Wolfe: The jungle search for
viruses
http://www.ted.com/talks/nathan_wolfe_hunts_for
_the_next_aids.html