Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
What does safety mean? Safety is an extension of a persons basic instinct for survival 2 Heinrich’s Accident Pyramid Major Injury 1 29 300 Minor Injury No Injury Accidents 3 Bird’s update of Heinrichs Pyramid 1 10 30 600 Serious/Fatal Injury Other Injuries Property Damage 600 No Apparent Injury or Damage 4 How accidents happen • • • • • • • Lack of care Did not use common sense/stupidity Unsafe acts Unsafe conditions Acts of God Lack of supervision/ poor training Faulty equipment 5 Safety in the workplace is everyone’s responsibility No one persons obligations in the workplace outweigh, or supersede another person’s obligations. 6 •Australian A frameworkhealth of Acts and safety law is governed •byRegulations • Supporting Codes of Practice & • Standards 7 Monitoring safety and maintaining a safe environment requires The correct Implementation of • Risk Identification • Risk Assessment • Risk Control 8 Risk and hazards • Hazards can cause injury, disease, economic loss or environmental damage • Risk - possibility that something will occur; expressed in terms of probability • Risk assessment uses data, hypothesis and models to estimate probability of harm due to exposure to hazards 9 Major types of hazards Major workplace hazards may include: • • • • • • Manual handling Chemical or hazardous substances Occupational Overuse Syndrome Noise Physical worksite or environmental problems Equipment and machinery 10 Hazard Identification Steps • Job Safety Checks • Employee Consultation • Safety Audits 11 Manual handling hazards Annual handling hazards may be caused by actions related to: • • • • • Push Pull Lowering Lifting Carrying 12 Chemical and hazardous substances • Toxic chemicals - each has specific median lethal dose • Chemicals, radiation or viruses • Hazardous chemical harm by: • • • • Flammable or explosive Irritation of damaging tissue Interfering with respiration Causing allergic reactions 13 Chemical and hazardous substances Impact cause by • Inhalation • Ingestion • Skin or eye contact Harm can be on: • Person (Tumors, burns, etc.) • Future generations (genes & embryos) • Environmental and lifestyle factors 14 Physical hazards Commonly involves worksite layout, structure and equipment Can extend beyond worksite to • • • • Earthquakes - fracture or shift in earth’s crust deformation Volcanoes Floods Storms 15 S.A.F.E. process to remove workplace hazards Spot the hazard. Assess the risk. Fix the problem. Evaluate results. 16 Addressing external physical hazards Reducing external physical hazards requires engineering and planning: • Examine historical records and make geological measurements and weather forecasts • Map high-risk areas • Building codes regulate design and placement of buildings • Predict possible earthquakes and natural events 17 Non-transmissible diseases are not caused by living organisms; cannot spread Biological hazards Transmissible diseases are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) and spread by vectors; agents include: • • • • bacteria virus protozoa parasites 18 Biological hazards Seven deadliest infectious diseases • • • • • • • Acute respiratory infections HIV/AIDS Diarrheal diseases Malaria Tuberculosis Measles Hepatitis B 19 Assessing the risk Assessing risk involves considering these factors … • How likely it is that an accident will occur • If an accident occurs, how severe would the consequences be 20 Risk analysis • Identify hazards and evaluate associated risks • Rank risks • Determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks • Inform decision makers and public about risks 21 Risk assessment • Determine types of hazards involved • Estimate probability that each hazard will occur • Estimate how many people are likely to be exposed to and suffer serious harm from each hazard • Statistical probabilities and forecasts 22 • Staff and management perceptions of greatest risks may differ Comparative risk analysis • Communication needs to be clear and use common language • Risk-benefit analysis – estimates must cover both risks and benefits • Immediate needs should not outweigh longterm planning 23 Risk control involves Modifying the design of the workplace by • Design or Substitution • Engineering Controls • Administration • Training Personnel • Personal Protective Equipment 24 Hierarchy of risk control Eliminate (Remove, phase out, redesign)) Substitute/ Change (Change and replace) Engineer Controls (Renew workplace/ context) Administrative Controls (Change work, set maintenance new schedule, new procedures, signage, etc.) Protective Controls (Protective equipment, clothes) 25 Workplace safety inspections • Continuous - Ongoing inspection conducted by employees as part of their job. • Periodic - Inspections scheduled to be made a regular intervals • Intermittent - Inspections made at irregular intervals. • General – inspection of places which do not receive periodic inspections 26 Points to consider when conducting inspections • • • • Planning and preparation is critical Who will carryout the inspection What needs to be inspected How often must items be inspected 27 Non-conformance investigation and reporting Identified hazards & Incidents Responsibilities & Actions Consultative mechanisms (OH&S Committee) Health & Safety Assessment Non-conformance New hazard Risk re-evaluated Problem not resolved Control Measures Investigation & report Record & Report s 28 Writing safety reports • • • • Possible recommendations Correct the cause – options Report hazardous conditions Take intermediate actions 29