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Distribution of Materials
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Chapter 6
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Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue

Blood is the link between
the external environment
and all the cells of the
body.

The blood volume of an
average adult male is
between 5-6 litres.

Blood is made up of cells
suspended in plasma, a
straw coloured liquid.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

Blood appears red in colour due to the red blood
cells.

They contain haemoglobin, an iron rich protein
that combines readily with oxygen.

There is approximately 5.4 million rbc’s per mm3
of blood.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
White Blood Cells (leucocytes)

The general function of white blood cells is to
combat infection.

White blood cells are phagocytotic, which means
they ingest bacteria and other foreign materials.

There are about 5000-7000 wbc’s per mm3 of
blood.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Platelets

Blood contains about 250-500 thousand platelets
of per mm3.

If there is damage to blood vessels, platelets
initiate a chain of reactions that results in blood
clotting.

Platelets are also involved in immune responses
such as inflammation.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
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Survival Rate of Blood Cells

Mature red blood cells have no nuclei.

The membrane of a rbc breaks down after 120
days.

Dead rbc’s are discarded in the liver and spleen.

The body replaces rbc’s at a rate of 2.5 million per
second.
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Survival Rate of Blood Cells

White blood cells live for varying amounts of
time.
Healthy wbc’s last for a few days.
 Wbc’s that fight infection only last for a few
hours.


Platelets only last for about a week.
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Survival Rate of Blood Cells
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Vessels That Carry Blood
Arteries

Arteries are thick-walled vessels that carry
oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Eventually arteries branch into smaller and
smaller arteries.

The smallest arteries are called arterioles and
they enter muscle and tissue to supply oxygen.
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Vessels That Carry Blood
Capillaries

Are microscopic vessels with walls that are one
cell thick.

Nutrients and gases diffuse from the blood into
tissue fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.
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Vessels That Carry Blood
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Vessels That Carry Blood
Veins

Blood moves from the capillaries into venules,
which combine to form larger vessels called
veins.

These vessels return deoxygenated blood back to
the heart.

The pressure of blood in veins is lower than in
arteries. Veins have muscles that surround them
to help push the blood along back to the heart.
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Vessels That Carry Blood
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The Heart
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The Heart

Blood must be continually on the move –
To collect oxygen from the lungs.
 To collect nutrients from the intestines.
 To transport nutrients and oxygen to all parts of
the body.
 To carry carbon dioxide and wastes away to
specialised waste removal organs.

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The Heart

The heart can be thought as two pumps
joined together.

The right side receives deoxygenated blood
from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

The left side receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs and pumps it to the whole body.
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Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
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Main Structures of the Heart

Each side of the heart is separated by the
septum.

Each side of the heart has 2 chambers, an
atrium and ventricle. Blood enters the atrium
and exits the ventricle.

Atriums have thin muscle lining, while ventricles
have a thick lining. Why?
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Main Structures of the Heart

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
via the pulmonary artery.

Reverse blood flow is restricted by valves –
folds of skin supported by elastic strands.
Tricuspid valve
 Bicuspid valve
 Semi-Lunar valve

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Main Structures of the Heart

Blood travels back from the lungs to the left
side of the heart via the pulmonary vein.

It is then squeezed out of the left ventricle into
the aorta to be sent to the body.
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The Lymphatic System

As seen earlier, nutrients and oxygen diffuse from
capillaries into tissue fluid between cells.

Some of these substances move back into the
capillaries, most stays in the tissue spaces.

Excess tissue fluid is collected by a special series
of vessels that make up the Lymphatic System.
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The Lymphatic System

Lymph capillaries are small vessels that
transports tissue fluid (lymph) up to subclavian
vein, where it is returned to the bloodstream.

Lymph is strained through lymph nodes where
any bacteria and foreign material are destroyed
and broken down.
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The Lymphatic System
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Breathe or Die

During cellular respiration Energy
Glucose + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water

The carbon dioxide produced is a waste product and
needs to be removed from the body.

If carbon dioxide is not removed – the life threatening
condition of acidosis begins to develop.
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Breathe or Die

Circulating blood is the vehicle that transports carbon
dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

In blood, carbon dioxide is transported in three ways:
•
As carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma (about 8%)
Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells (about 11%)
As bicarbonate ions in the plasma (81%)
•
•
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The Respiratory System
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The Respiratory System
Breathing In & Out –
What Happens? p146
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The Respiratory System
Structure
Function
•Pharynx
•Larynx
•Epiglottis
•Trachea
•Bronchus
•Bronchioles
•Lungs
•Alveolar
Duct
•Alveoli
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Nitrogenous Waste

When animals metabolise protein – nitrogen
containing compounds are produced as wastes
(fig 13.3).

These compounds must be removed or they will
accumulate to damage tissue and cause death.

The elimination of nitrogenous wastes from an
organism is called excretion.
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Nitrogenous Waste

Different animals excrete different nitrogenous wastes.

Ammonia is toxic to cells and must be diluted and
excreted with lots of water.

Uric Acid is least toxic and requires little water for
excretion.

Urea is the main waste of humans and requires some
water for removal.
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Organs of Excretion
The Skin

An average adult has nearly 2 square metres of skin
containing over 2.5 million sweat glands.

Sweat is a dilute solutions of salts which contains:

Sodium chloride
Low levels of nitrogenous wastes

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Organs of Excretion
The Liver

The liver is responsible for breaking down a number of
substances in the body.

Bilirubin (by-product of dead rbc’s)
Amino groups into ammonia
Drugs and other chemicals



Once broken down the liver sends these substances to
the kidneys for excretion.
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Organs of Excretion
The Lungs

The lungs are internal structures shaped like a
cavity or sac – with many pouches or lobes that
increase the surface area.

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood to
the lungs where it diffuses into the lungs and is
breathed out.
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The Urinary System

Water concentration in the body must be regulated to
ensure water gains and losses are balanced.

The urinary system plays a significant role in eliminating
nitrogenous wastes from the body.

It does this by:
•
Filtering blood
Removing the wastes
Producing urine
•
•
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The Urinary System
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The Urinary System
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The Kidneys

The kidneys play a major role in stabilising the
internal environment of the body.

The kidneys filter the blood, remove wastes and
produce urine.

The kidneys also excrete hormones, vitamins
and maintain the balance of pH and salts in the
body.
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The Kidneys

Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery and leaves
via the renal vein.

After filtration, wastes products (urine) exit the kidney
via the ureter which is connected to the bladder.

The outer most layer of the kidney is the cortex.
Beyond the cortex is a striated layer called the medulla.
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The Kidneys

The functional unit of the kidney is called a
nephron. Each kidney contains approximately 1
million nephrons.

The renal artery branches into smaller
arterioles and capillaries which are
surrounded by nephrons. These small clusters
of blood vessels are called a glomerus.
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The Kidneys

Waste materials are filtered from the blood in
the glomerus.

High pressure formed in the capillaries
squeezes the plasma out of the blood into the
Bowman’s Capsule in the nephrons.

Substances such as water, glucose, amino
acids, sodium chloride and phosphates are
reabsorbed into the blood via active transport
and diffusion.
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The Kidneys

Urea and some water that isn’t reabsorbed (now
urine), travels through the nephron to a collecting
duct.

The collecting duct rejoins with others to form the
ureter and sends the wastes off to the bladder for
excretion.
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When Kidneys Fail

A build up of waste products is toxic to the body.

If left to build up – death will occur within a few days.

When kidneys fail – an alternative way of removing
wastes must be found.

Three such alternatives include:
•
Kidney Dialysis Machine
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Kidney Transplantation
•
•
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Kidney Dialysis

Using a dialysis machine – blood is passed through a
tube of semi permeable material called dialysis tubing.

The tubing passes through a dialysing fluid which
removes wastes and balances water levels.

Dialysis needs to occur every three days and can take
up to six hours.
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Kidney Dialysis
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Comparing Transport Systems in Animals
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Comparing Excretory Systems in Animals
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Transport in Plants – Vascular Plants

Larger plants such as ferns, pines and flowering
plants are called vascular plants.

Vascular plants require special means for internal
distribution of material.

Such plants have specialised transport tissue
called vascular tissue.
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Transport in plants

The two major components that are
transported in plants are:
Carbohydrates
 Water and Dissolved Mineral Ions

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Transport in Plants - Carbohydrates

Only cells containing chloroplasts can
photosynthesise and produce carbohydrate in the
form of sugars.

6H2O + 6CO2

All other cells that don’t photosynthesise rely on a
transport system to transport carbohydrate so
they can survive.
C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Water Balance In Plants

Plants have an extensive root system to obtain
water.

Water enters the roots by osmosis. Ions also
enter the roots via a concentration gradient
(active transport) and ATP is needed for this.

Once in the plant, the water and ions travel
through the cortex and into the xylem tissue in
the middle of the root.
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Water Balance In Plants

The xylem transports water from the roots,
through the stem and into the leaves of the
plant.

The phloem runs parallel with the xylem and
transports sugars and hormones around the
plant.
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