Download Chapter 12a

Chapter 12a
Cardiovascular
Disease
Lecture Presentation
Betty McGuire
Cornell University
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Disease
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The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases
High blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease
Heart attack
Cardiovascular disease and cigarette
smoking
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases
 Cardiovascular disease is the single
biggest killer of men and women in
the U.S.
 Affects slightly more men than women
 However, women who have heart attacks
are more likely than men to die in the
subsequent weeks
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High Blood Pressure
 Blood pressure (review)
 The pressure exerted by blood on the walls
of the vessels
 Systolic value is the pressure when the heart
is contracting
 Diastolic value is the pressure when the
heart is relaxing
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High Blood Pressure
 Hypertension = high blood pressure
 Silent killer
 No symptoms
 Can cause fatal problems of the following:
 Heart (made to work harder, so enlarges)
 Kidneys (in response to reduced blood
flow, release renin, which further
increases blood pressure)
 Brain
 Blood vessels
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High Blood Pressure
 Most physicians consider a blood pressure
of 160/90 to be high and to require treatment
 Treatment may involve:
 Medication
 Diuretics to reduce blood volume
 Drugs that cause blood vessels to dilate
 Lifestyle changes
 Weight control
 Regular exercise
 No smoking
 Limit dietary salt
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atherosclerosis
 Atherosclerosis
 A buildup of fatty deposits in the walls
of arteries
 Fueled by an inflammatory response
 May narrow the artery, which reduces
blood flow
 Can be fatal if this occurs in the heart
(heart attack) or brain (stroke)
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atherosclerosis
 Treating atherosclerosis may include:
 Healthy lifestyle
 Control weight
 Engage in regular aerobic exercise
 Eat a heart-healthy diet
 Medications
 Lower blood pressure
 Reduce blood cholesterol levels
 Prevent formation of unwanted clots
 Daily low-dose aspirin therapy
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Coronary Artery Disease
 Coronary artery disease
 Fatty deposits of atherosclerosis occur in the
coronary arteries (nourish heart muscle)
 Underlying cause of most heart attacks
 Angina pectoris (chest pain) serves as a
warning that the heart muscle is not
receiving sufficient oxygen
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Coronary Artery Disease
 Coronary angiography
 Diagnostic procedure in which high-speed
x-rays are taken as a contrast dye moves
through the coronary arteries
 Can show coronary artery blockage
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Coronary Artery Disease
 Treating coronary artery blockage may
include:
 Medications (some dilate blood vessels)
 Surgical procedures
 Angioplasty
 A balloon is used to widen the lumen of
the artery; stents may be inserted to keep
the treated artery open
 Coronary bypass surgery
 A section of a leg vein is used to provide
an alternate pathway, bypassing a
blockage between the aorta and a
coronary artery
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Heart Attack
 Heart attack = myocardial infarction
 Part of the heart muscle dies because of an
insufficient blood supply
 If the individual survives, the dead cardiac
muscle is replaced by scar tissue, which
cannot contract, so part of the heart
permanently loses its pumping ability
 Commonly caused by a blood clot blocking
a coronary artery
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Heart Attack
 Heart failure
 Condition in which the heart becomes an
inefficient pump
 Leads to shortness of breath, fatigue, and
fluid accumulation
 Can result if a large enough section of heart
muscle is damaged by a heart attack
 Symptoms can be treated with drugs
 Digitalis increases strength of heart
contractions
 Diuretics reduce fluid accumulation
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Heart Attack
PLAY
| Vioxx
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Cardiovascular Disease and
Cigarette Smoking
 Cigarette smoking
 Each year cardiovascular disease kills many
more people than does lung cancer
 Smokers have a twofold to threefold
increase in the risk of heart disease
 Components of smoke produce immediate
effects on the cardiovascular system
 Over the long term, smoking increases
atherosclerosis
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Disease and
Cigarette Smoking
 Components of cigarette smoke
 Nicotine
 Increases heart rate
 Constricts blood vessels, so raises
blood pressure
 Increases stickiness of platelets, so
increases the risk of abnormal clots
 Carbon monoxide
 Prevents RBCs from transporting oxygen
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.