Download Chapter 8 The Heart and Lungs at Work

CHAPTER 8
Heart and Lungs at Work
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cardiovascular Anatomy
• Heart
• Peripheral Circulatory System
• Red Blood Cells
Cardiovascular Physiology
• Transport of Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen Uptake
Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology
• Structure
• Function
Exercise Effects on Cardiorespiratory System
• Cardiac Output
• Capillary Supply
• Blood Volume
• Ventilation
Exercise and Environments
• Altitude
• Temperature
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LESSON 1
CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 1:
THE LANGUAGE OF
NATOMYand control of
Explain theAfunction
the cardiovascular system and the
terms that are used to evaluate
and describe its various
components.
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Cardiovascular system
• Supplies muscles and organs with O2
• Removes metabolic by-products from tissues
• Critical for performance
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CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY
• Heart
• Peripheral Circulatory System
• Red Blood Cells
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HEART
• Pumps blood through the human body
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STRUCTURE: MUSCLE CELLS
3 layers:
1. Endocardium (innermost)
• Lines heart chambers
• Allows smooth blood flow
2. Myocardium (middle)
• Thick and muscular
• Pumps blood
3. Epicardium (outer)
• Thin
• Protection
•
Pericardium
• Protective sac
• Loosely surrounds heart
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2. Myocardium
Pericardial
cavity
Pericardium
(outer)
1. Endocardium
Pericardium
(inner)
3. Epicardium
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STRUCTURE: CHAMBERS AND VESSELS
Ventricles
• Pump blood to the body
• Right ventricle
• Deoxygenated blood
• To lungs
• Via pulmonary artery
• Left ventricle
• Oxygenated blood
• To body
• Via aorta
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
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Pulmonary vein
STRUCTURE: CHAMBERS AND VESSELS
Atria
• Pump blood into ventricles
• Right atrium
• Deoxygenated blood
• From body
• Via superior/inferior
vena cava
• Left atrium
• Oxygenated blood
• From lungs
• Via pulmonary vein
Right
atrium
Left
atrium
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STRUCTURE: VALVES
Semilunar valves
• Open when ventricles contract to direct blood flow into arteries
1. Pulmonary valve: right ventricle  pulmonary artery
2. Aortic valve:
left ventricle  aorta
• Close when ventricles relax to prevent backflow
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1
2
2
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STRUCTURE: VALVES
Atrioventricular valves
• Open when atria contract to direct blood flow into ventricles
1. Tricuspid valve:
right atrium  right ventricle
2. Bicuspid / mitral valve:
left atrium  left ventricle
• Close when atria relax to prevent backflow
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2
1
2
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1.Deoxygenated
blood enters
right atrium
from body via
superior/
inferior vena
cava
2.Right atrium
pumps
deoxygenated
blood to right
ventricle
through
tricuspid valve
3.Right ventricle
pumps
deoxygenated
blood through
pulmonary
valve to lungs
via pulmonary
artery
1
3
1
3
2
2
1. Oxygenated
blood enters
left atrium
from lungs via
pulmonary
vein
2. Left atrium
pumps
oxygenated
blood to left
ventricle
through
bicuspid valve
3. Left ventricle
pumps
oxygenated
blood through
aortic valve to
body via aorta
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FUNCTION
• Heart contracts in a constant rhythm
• May speed up or slow down
• Depending on the body’s blood and oxygen need
• Sinus node
• Bundle of nerve fibres that control heart rate
• Located inside right atrium wall
• Generate a nerve impulse (action potential)
• Cause muscle walls to contract
• Atria 1st,ventricles 2nd
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BLOOD PRESSURE
• Important measure of cardiac function
• Two components
1. Systolic BP
• During ventricular contraction (systole)
• How hard heart works
• Strain against arterial walls during contraction
• Normal: 120 mm Hg
2. Diastolic B
• During heart relaxation (diastole)
• Indicates peripheral BP (outside the heart)
• Ease with which blood flows from arterioles to capillaries
• Normal: 70-80 mm Hg
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CARDIAC OUTPUT
• Amount of blood pumped by heart into aorta each minute
• Quantity of blood that flows into peripheral circulation
Stroke
volume
(ml/beat)
Heart
rate
(beat/min)
Cardiac
output
(ml/min)
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CARDIAC OUTPUT
Stroke Volume
• Amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heartbeat
• Resting: 70 ml
Heart rate
• Rhythmical contraction of the heart walls (beats per minute, bpm)
• Resting: 40-70 bpm
• Maximum: 220 – age (years)
Intensity of work
• Estimated by measuring heart rate via carotid or radial pulse
• Palpate with middle 2-3 fingers and count # beats per 10 sec x 6
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PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Consists of blood vessels made up of layers of tissue
• Smooth muscle cell layer allow vessels to contact
• This regulates blood flow throughout the body
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TGS 8.6 – Exit Card
Make the Match
Match the following terms with their
corresponding function/characteristic.
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D
F
E
B
C
A
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