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Transcript
Chapter 13 Heart © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions of the Circulatory System • Heart is the pump that circulates blood • Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport the blood • Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries the waste products away • Lymph system functions © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Major Blood Circuits • Blood leaves the heart through arteries and returns by veins • Blood circulation routes – General or system circulation – Cardiopulmonary circulation • Changes in the composition of circulating blood © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Heart • About the size of a closed fist • Weighs about 1 pound • Located in thoracic cavity; apex of heart lies on the diaphragm and points to the left of the body © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning The Heart • After 4 to 5 minutes without blood flow, the brain cells are irreversibly damaged • Can hear the heartbeat through the stethoscope • Cardiac arrest • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Structure of the Heart • Hollow, muscular, double pump • Pericardium and pericardial fluid • Myocardium – Cardiac muscle tissue • Endocardium © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Structure of the Heart • • • • • Superior and inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Aorta © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chambers and Valves • Separated into right and left halves by septum; then each half separated into an upper and lower chamber • Upper chambers – Left and right atria © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chambers and Valves • Low chambers – Left and right ventricles • Valves keep blood flow going in one direction © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Valves • Atrioventricular valves – Tricuspid valve – Bicuspid or mitral valve • Semilunar valves – Pulmonary semilunar valve – Aortic semilunar valve © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Physiology of the Heart • Double pump • Right heart – Deoxygenated blood • Left heart – Oxygenated blood © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Heart Rate and Cardiac Output • Normal adult rate is between 72 and 80 beats per minute • Stroke volume • Calculating the cardiac output • Exercise increases cardiac output © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Heart Sounds • Valves make a sound when they close • Called lubb dupp sounds • Lubb – Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (S1) • Dupp – Aortic and pulmonary valves (S2) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Conduction System • Electrical impulses cause rhythmic beating of heart • Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker • Atrioventricular (AV) node • Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning ECG or EKG • The electrocardiogram is a device to record the electrical activity of the heart • Systole – Contraction • Diastole – Relaxation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning ECG or EKG • Positive and negative deflection • P, QRS, and T waves © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Prevention of Heart Disease • Heart disease is the leading cause of death – Coronary heart disease • Risk factors • Steps to lower risk or prevent heart disease • Blood cholesterol levels and triglycerides © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive • • • • • Angiography Cardiac MRI Coronary calcium scoring/heart scan Echocardiography Electrocardiogram © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive • • • • Exercise stress tests Holter monitor MUGA Transesophageal echocardiography © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diagnostic Tests Invasive • Cardiac catheterization • IVUS (intravascular coronary ultrasound) © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diagnostic Tests Blood Tests • • • • • Arterial blood gases BNP Lipid panel Cardiac enzymes INR/Prothrombin time tests © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Animation – The Heart Click Here to play Heart animation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Effects of Aging • Heart muscle fibers replaced by fibrous tissue • Heart valves increase in thickness • Cardiac output decreases • Changes become more significant when elderly person becomes physically or mentally stressed © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diseases of the Heart – Common Symptoms • • • • • Arrhythmia Bradycardia Tachycardia Murmurs Mitral valve prolapse © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Diseases of the Coronary Artery • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Angina pectoris • Myocardial infarction © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Infectious Diseases of the Heart • • • • Pericarditis Myocarditis Endocarditis Rheumatic heart disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Heart Failure • When the ventricles of the heart are unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart • Symptoms depend on which ventricle fails © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Heart Failure • Left ventricle failure – Dyspnea • Right ventricle failure – Engorgement of organs, edema and ascites © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Congestive Heart Failure • Similar to heart failure plus edema of the lower extremities and blood backs up into the lungs • Treatment © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Rhythm/Conduction Defects • Heart block – First-degree block – Second-degree block – Third-degree block or complete heart block • Premature contractions – PACs – PVCs • Fibrillation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Types of Heart Surgery • • • • Angioplasty Coronary bypass Cardiac stents Transmyocardial laser revascularization © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Heart Transplants • Used as last resort • Histocompatibility • Organ rejection © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Medical Highlights • • • • Pacemaker Cardiac resynchronization therapy Defibrillator Heart pumps © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
