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Circulation
• Transportation of nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2, H2O, salt
• Cardiovascular System: includes heart, blood, blood
vessels
 Open Circulatory System: organs in a pool of blood
 Closed Circulatory System: blood contained in blood vessels
• Lymphatic System: includes lymph, nodes
• Heart:
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size of the fist
septum: separates right side from left side
under the sternum
pericardium: sack around the heart
pericarditis
myocardium: heart muscle
• Mammal with 4 chambers
• Atria (top); Ventricles (bottom) more muscular
 Left ventricle: most muscular chamber of the heart
• Valves: one-way trap doors for blood
 Tricuspid (right) with 3 flaps; Bicuspid/Mitral (left) with 2 flaps; Semilunar (between aorta and left ventricle; between pulmonary artery and
right ventricle)
 Lub-Dub: sound of valves shutting
 Murmur: blood leaking through valves
• Trace a Drop of Blood Through the Heart:
• 6,000 quarts of blood per day
• Pulmonary Circuit: involves the right side of the heart and
the blood going to the lungs
• Right Side: contains deoxygenated blood (high in CO2)
• Deoxygenated blood returns to the Right Atrium from the
Superior Vena Cava (blood from the waist up) and the
Inferior Vena Cava (from the waist down)
• Superior Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena Cava: 2 largest veins in the
body
• Deoxygenated blood goes from the Right Atrium to the
Right Ventricle through the tricuspid valve
• Deoxygenated blood leaves Right ventricle through the
semi-lunar valve, flows into the Pulmonary Artery and
travels to the lungs
• Pulmonary Artery branches into mini arteries called arterioles and
connects to capillaries
• Capillaries (thin walls): O2 and CO2 are exchanged (diffusion) at air
sacs (alveoli) in lungs
• Capillaries connect to venules (mini veins)
and join to the Pulmonary Vein
• Pulmonary Vein carries oxygenated blood from the Left
Atrium to the Left Ventricle through the Bicuspid Valve
• Oxygenated blood leaves the Left Ventricle through the
semi-lunar valve to the Aorta and then to the rest of the
body
• Systemic Circuit: involves the left side of the heart and
blood coming back from the lungs for the entire body
• Left Side: contains oxygenated blood (high in O2)
• Right Atrium: contains pacemaker (nervous tissue)
 regulates heartbeat (72 beats/min.)
• Blood Pressure: Systole/Diastole
 Systole (Ventricles contract) 120/70
 Diastole (Ventricles relax)
Blood Vessels
• Arteries:
 Deep within the body; elastic walls; no valves; contain smooth
muscles; used for blood pressure; mini arteries called arterioles
 Largest artery: Aorta
 Carry blood AWAY from the heart
 Pulse: alternating contractions/relaxations
• Veins:
 Near the surface of the skin; valves; no elastic walls; mini veins called
venules
 Largest veins: Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava
 Carry blood TO the heart
• Capillaries:
 Next to every cell in the body; 1 cell thick (thin walls); diffusion;
connect arterioles and venules
Blood
• A living tissue composed of non-living plasma (yellow-55%) and
living cells (45%)
• Amount of blood depends on size of person and fat (5 liters)
• Plasma: contains albumin (regulates H2O balance), globulin
(transports vitamins/antibodies), hormones, H2O (92%), carbohydrates,
lipids, amino acids, wastes, fibrinogen
• Serum: plasma-clotting material
• Clotting Process: Involves Ca , clotting proteins, vitamin K
Blood Cells
• RBC (Erythrocytes)
 5 mill/drop of blood; biconcave shape; contain hemoglobin (Fe) which
attracts O2; produced in the marrow; last 120 days; loss of nuclei in
mammalian RBC after 60 days; old RBC destroyed by spleen –
biliverdin (green) and bilirubin (orange)
 Diseases: anemia;sickle cell anemia;CO poisoning
• WBC (Leukocytes)
 Nucleated; produced in the marrow; 8,000/drop of blood; fight
infection (immunity); produce antibodies; last 10 days; pus (WBC,
dead cells, microorganisms); attack microorganisms by phagocytosis;
 Diseases: infection (8,000+); mononucleosis (15,000+); leukemia“Cancer of the blood” (50,000+)
• Platelets (Thrombocytes)
 Cell parts (no nuclei); produced in the marrow; last 10 days; function
in clotting; 130,000-350,000/drop of blood
• Blood Typing:
 Antigen (protein on RBC surface); Antibody (protein in plasma)
 Based on agglutination (clumping)
 A (antigen A/antibody B); B (antigen B/antibody A); AB (antigens
A,B/No antibodies); O (No antigens/A,B antibodies)
 Universal Donor (O)
Universal Recipient (AB)
 Rh Factor: Rhesus monkey; Erythroblastosis Fetalis (“blue baby”):
problem with father (+) and mother (-); baby #1 (+); mother with (+)
antibodies cause clumping of RBC of baby #2 (+)
• Transplants: immunosuppressants
• AIDS: destruction of WBC and T cells
Circulatory Conditions
• Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium
• Angina: a warning; pain in left arm/chest; coronary blood
vessels are narrowed
• Myocardial Infarction: a heart attack; pain in chest/left
arm; heart tissue lacks O2 (damaged)
• Congestive Heart Failure: weak heart; Blood moves
slowly through kidneys; Fluid builds up in lungs/ankles
• Flutter: fast beat (regular)
• Fibrillation: fast beat (irregular)
• Arteriosclerosis: arteries blocked with cholesterol
• Aneurysm: wall of artery weakened
• Phlebitis: swollen vein
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Varicose Veins: valves in leg veins leak blood
Bruise: broken capillaries
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Thrombus: a blood clot
Embolus: a blood clot traveling through the bloodstream
Murmur: heart valves leak blood
Pus: WBC + infection + dead skin cells
Mononucleosis: swollen glands; tired; 15,000 WBC
Leukemia: “cancer of the blood”; 50,000 WBC
Anemia: tired; lack of O2 in blood; less than 5 mil. RBC
Sickle Cell Anemia: genetic; Afro American pop.; RBC
looks like a banana; tired; crippling
• Agglutination: clumping of blood cells; typing
• CO poisoning: exhaust from cars, old furnaces; colorless;
odorless; tasteless; invisible; Hemoglobin with greater
attraction to CO than to O2; lapse into coma
• Stroke: not enough O2 to the brain
• Erythroblastosis Fetalis: “blue baby”; RBC of second
baby (+) deformed; RBC cannot hold enough O2; father
(+) X mother (-) and first baby (+)
---------------------------------------------------------------------• EKG: a recording of electrical beats of the heart
• Stethoscope: an instrument for listening to heart sounds