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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/ja ms/science/human-body/circulatorysystem.htm What is the Circulatory System ? • The system of the body responsible for internal transport. • The Circulatory System is a combination of vessels and muscle that help control the flow of blood around the body. • This is known as CIRCULATION. Cardiovascular System Overview • Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood throughout the body • Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body Combining Forms for the Cardiovascular System angi/o angiogram vas/o- anatomical vessel or duct vascul/o aort/o- (aorta) vasospasm vascular aortic Combining Forms for the Cardiovascular System arteri/o arteriosclerosis ather/o atheroma atri/o atrioventricular FUNCTIONS of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • .carries oxygen and food to cells in the body • carries carbon dioxide and waste away from cells • aids in coagulation process • assists in defending body against disease Parts of the Circulatory System HEART – organ of the cardiovascular system that contracts to pump blood through the blood vessels; It is made up of cardiac muscle fibers. BLOOD VESSELS – the closed system of tubes that conducts blood throughout the body; The three kinds of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries Blood- The Heart • Muscular Organ • Hollow interior • Pumps blood throughout the body • Four chambers • Upper chambers (2) • Lower chambers (2) HEART Structure of the HEART • Made of cardiac muscle- could be considered a muscle as well as an organ • 4 chambers(cavities) of the heart: • 2 Atria- upper chambers of the heart (right atrium & left atrium) • 2 Ventricles- lower chambers of the heart(right ventricle & left ventricle) • Septum- divides the heart into right and left sides Structure of the Heart (continued) • Valves — Open and close with the heartbeat to maintain one-way flow of blood through the heart • tricuspid valve — located between right atrium and right ventricle • mitral (bicuspid) valve — located between left atrium and left ventricle • pulmonary semilunar valve — opening from right ventricle to pulmonary artery • aortic valve — located between left ventricle and aorta Layers of the Heart • endocardium • membrane that lines the interior cavities of the heart • myocardium • Thick, muscular layer • epicardium • Outer membrane • Pericardium is the loose, protective sac that surrounds and encloses the heart Heart Chambers • The right atrium receives blood returning from the body. It is deoxygenated (blue). • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. • The left atrium receives the oxygen rich blood from the lungs • The left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to the body. • Right atrium →Right ventricle→LUNGS→Left atrium→ Left ventricle→Body→ Structures of the Heart Blood flow through heart The Heart Blood Circulation Blood • hem/o and hemat/o • Four Components of Blood • 1. Red Blood Cells (RBC)(45%) • 2. White Blood Cells (WBC) • 3. Platelets • 4. Plasma (55%) Blood Cells • RBC – erythrocytes • WBC – leukocytes • Platelets - thrombocytes Erythrocytes (RBC) • erythr/o - red • cyte – cell • Hemoglobin - a blood protein transports oxygen • Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte • What makes our blood RED? • The iron in hemoglobin is what makes blood red. Leukocytes • leuk/o – white • Protect the body against invasion • Part of the immune system Platelets (Thrombocytes) • essential to blood coagulation (clotting) • If there is an injury and blood comes in contact with • any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, then • the platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. • Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot. PLASMA • plasma • Mostly water some plasma proteins Antigen-Antibody Reactions • Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin) • Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen Blood Groups • Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs • A - A antigen • B - B antigen • AB - both AB antigens • O - no AB antigens Blood Transfusions • Blood Type • A • B • AB (universal receiver) • O (universal donor) Can Donate to Group A, AB B, AB AB A, B, AB,O Rh Factor • Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US. • Rh positive and Rh negative • Rh neg. pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rhpositive fetus. Blood Vessels • Arteries - vessels that carry blood from the heart to arterioles • Veins - vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules • Capillaries - tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules Blood Vessels- Arteries • arteries • vessels that carry blood from the heart to arterioles • aorta • large artery branching from the left ventricle, distributes blood to the rest of the body • arterioles • small vessels receive blood from the arteries Veins • Veins- carry blood back to the heart from the venules • Venules- small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins Blood Pressure • Force exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries, veins and heart chambers Determined by: 1. volume of blood 2. the space within the arteries and arterioles 3. the force of the heart contractions Blood Pressure Terms • Diastole • period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria(bottom number on BP reading) • Systole • period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery(top number) • The pulse you feel at your wrist or other pulse points is the surge of blood caused by the heart’s contraction. • Pulse rate normally equals heart rate. Blood Pressure Terms (continued) • hypotension • low blood pressure • hypertension • high blood pressure BLOOD Pressure • Sphygmomanometer – device used to measure blood pressure. • Systole – the strongest pressure at the time the blood is forced out of the ventricles • Diastole – the pressure at rest, taken as the ventricles refill with blood Blood Pressure Determination ASSIGNMENT • DISEASES OF THE HEART • 1. Cardiovascular Disease • 2. Heart Attack • 3. Angina • 4. Cardiac Arrest • 5. Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis • Include mechanism of injury/disease, signs/symptoms and treatment • BONUS: Rehabilitation