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The blood receiving chambers
of the heart are the atria.
The pumping chambers of the heart
are the ventricles.
Blood returns to the heart from
the lungs by means of the
pulmonary veins.
The large artery carrying blood
from the left ventricle of the
heart is the aorta.
Blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart are
arteries.
Blood vessels that carry
blood toward the heart are
veins.
On the right side of the heart,
the valve between the right
atrium and right ventricle is the
Right AV valve (or tricuspid
valve).
The flaps of the heart valves
are anchored to the wall of the
ventricles by tissue chords
known as Chordae Tendinae.
Arteries that supply blood to the
tissue of the heart itself are the
coronary arteries.
The sinoatrial (SA) node of the
heart is found in the wall of the
right atrium.
The second major node of the
heart that receives signals
from the SA node is called the
AV node.
Heart contraction is also
known by the term
Systole.
Heart muscle relaxation is
also known by the term
Diastole.
A normal heart rate is
approximately
60-100 beats per minute.
Unusual heart sounds, such
as those emitted by poorly
functioning valves, are called
Heart murmurs.
The smallest vessels, which
carry blood to the cells of the
tissues are the capillaries.
The inner layer of the vein
often folds inward to form
valves.
Dilated veins with pooled
blood cause a condition
known as varicose veins.
A typical blood pressure reading
contains two numbers of which the
first number is the systolic pressure
and the second number is the
diastolic pressue.
The only arteries of the body
that carries oxygen-poor blood
are the pulmonary arteries.
The only veins of the body that
carry oxygen-rich blood are the
pulmonary veins.
The fluid portion of
the blood is the
plasma.
The major molecule that
transports oxygen within red
blood cells is hemoglobin.
Red blood cells are formed in
the bone marrow through a
process known as
hematopoiesis.
Red blood cells survive and
circulate in the human blood
stream for approximately
100-120 days.
The production of red blood
cells is regulated by a
hormone known as
Erythropoietin or EPO.
Antibodies are produced
by white blood cells known
as B cells.
A mass of platelets that patch
a hole in a blood vessel is
known as a platelet plug.
The two major types of cells in your
lymph nodes are T-lymphocytes (T
cells) and B-lymphocytes (B cells).
Substances capable of stimulating
the immune system are known as
antigens.
Foreign organisms are
engulfed by macrophages in
a process known as
phagocytosis.
The cells needed to activate both Bcells and Killer T-cells are called
Helper T-cells.
Cells that kill virus-infected cells are
known as
Killer T cells (or Cytotoxic Tlymphocytes, CTLs).
The purpose of the eye is to
gather light from the
environment and form an
image on cells of the retina.
The nerve that carries impulses
from the eye to the brain is the
optic nerve.
The inner coat of the posterior
wall of the eye is composed of the
retina (or rods and cones).
The outer wall of the eye
consists of the cornea and the
sclera.
The thin, watery fluid in the anterior
chamber of the eye is aqueous humor.
The jellylike substance that fills
the posterior chamber of the
eye is called vitreous humor.
The pupil of the eye is an opening
in the portion of the eye known as
the iris.
The eyelids are covered on
their surfaces by the mucous
membrane called the
conjunctiva.
Tears that bathe the eyeball and
keep it moist are produced by the
lacrimal glands.
Twilight (dim light) vision is
concerned with those retinal
cells known as rods.
Daylight vision and close,
detailed vision are permitted
by those retinal cells known
as cones.
The place where most cones
are concentrated is the
fovea.
The optic disc contains no visual
receptors and is therefore called
the blind spot.
The lobe of the brain where
visual patterns are interpreted is
the occipital lobe.
The change of the lens shape to
focus objects at various distances
is under the control of a muscle
called the ciliary muscle.
The middle ear bones, which
transmit sound to the inner
ear, are known as the ossicles.
The long, slender tube leading
from the pharynx (throat) to the
middle ear is the Eustachian tube.
The snail-like structure of the
inner ear is called the
cochlea.
Sound-induced nerve
impulses are transmitted to
the brain for interpretation
over the cochlear branch of
the nerve called the
vestibulocochlear nerve.
The five primary tastes are
sweet, sour, salty, umami, and
bitter.